Abstract. Armansyah T, Siregar TN, Suhartono, Sutriana A. 2022. Phytochemicals, characterization and antimicrobial tests of red betel leaves on three solvent fractions as candidates for endometritis phytotherapy in Aceh cattle, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2111-2117. The use of antibiotics to treat endometritis in cattle carries with it some weaknesses in the form of toxicity risks and unexpected side effects. The use of medicinal plants as antimicrobials and immunomodulators has the potential to be an alternative therapy. Red betel leaves could be considered viable candidates for phytotherapy in cattle with endometritis. This study aimed to determine the differences in biological activity and antibacterial ability of red betel leaf through the use of three different solvents, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The highest yield of betel leaf extract was obtained from the ethyl acetate solvent fraction consisting of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins. The highest biological compounds in red betel leaf identified by GC-MS in n-hexane solvent, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were 5-isobutylidene-N, N-dimethylbarbituric acid, benzenamine, 4,4' - (1,2-ethenediyl) bis-, and 9-octadecadienoic acid, respectively. Among the three solvent fractions of red betel leaf extract, it was observed that ethyl acetate exhibited higher antibacterial activity than hexane and ethanol. Hence, it can be concluded that ethyl acetate extract of red betel leaves solvent has secondary metabolites and better antibacterial potential than ethanol and n-hexane solvents.
Abstract. Zahara Y, Suhartono S, Nirliana N. 2022. Abundance and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella spp. isolated from aquatic environments in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6420-6427. Accumulating pathogenic bacteria in aquatic systems increases waterborne infections, including shigellosis. The infection is causatively associated with Shigella spp. within the water system. This study aimed to isolate and determine the abundance of Shigella spp. collected from three rivers in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, namely Krueng Lamnyong, Krueng Aceh, and Krueng Neng water, and their antibiotic susceptibility. The bacterial enumeration was conducted using the MPN method followed by bacterial isolation using XLD and SSA selective media, whereas antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the standards of CLSI. Results showed that there was no significant difference (p=0.059) in the bacterial abundance among rivers i.e., 4.67 MPN/mL in Krueng Lamnyong, 27.33 MPN/mL in Krueng Aceh, and 18.33 MPN/mL in Krueng Neng. In total, 19 isolates of Shigella spp. were isolated, of which four isolates were from Krueng Lamnyong, nine isolates from Krueng Aceh, and six isolates from Krueng Neng. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the isolates had resistance to tetracycline, penicillin, and nalidixic acid. More than half of the isolates were resistant to more than five antibiotic classes. The study indicates that rivers are the main reservoir for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria in aquatic systems and some efforts are needed to reduce potential health risks and ensure water quality in aquatic systems.
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