In paddy cultivation, harvesting is the most important operation, which needs suitable machinery. Thus, this study was carried out to compare field performances and energy and environmental effect between the conventional 5 m cutting width NEW HOLLAND CLAYSON 8080, 82 kW@2500 rpm combine harvester running on a total net area of 42.78 ha of plots for two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation seasons and the new mid-size 2.7 m cutting width WORLD STAR WS7.0, 76 kW@2600 rpm combine harvester running on a total net area of 16.95 ha of plots for two rice cultivation seasons. The conventional combine as compared to mid-size combine showed 14.4% greater mean fuel consumptions (21.13 versus 18.46 l/ha), 31.1% greater mean effective field capacity (0.69 versus 0.53 ha/h), 5.23% greater cornering time (turning time) percentage of total time (8.28% versus 3.05%) and 1.41% greater reversing time percentage of total time (7.2% versus 5.79%) but 20.90% lesser mean operational speed (3.24 versus 4.10 km/h), 11.69% lesser effective time percentage of total time (60.0%versus 71.69%h/ha), 10.8% lesser mean field efficiency (64.3% versus 72.1%). In terms of total energy use the conventional combine showed 24.64% greater mean total energy use in the harvesting operation (1445.81 versus 1160.00 MJ/ha), 14.46% greater mean fuel energy (1010.014 versus 882.39 MJ/ha), 56.47% greater mean machinery energy (431.32 versus 275.65 MJ/ha) and 59.25% greater mean human energy (3.48 and 2.18 MJ/ha), this cause 26.12% greater mean total Green House Gas emission (GHG) than the mid-size combine. The results revealed that the mid-size combine is more suitable in conducting the harvest operation in rice field in Malaysia than the conventional combine.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term repeated passes tillage operations on bulk density, soil penetration resistance, soil porosity and the moisture of a clay loam soil of Malaysia. A field experiment for three seasons was conducted at Sungai Burong Tanjung Karang Kuala Selangor, Malaysia to study treatments consisting of (I) no-tillage NT (II) first tillage FT (III) second tillage (ST), (IV) third tillage (TT) operations. The soil bulk density, soil penetrometer resistance, pore distribution, and moisture content characteristics were determined before and after for each of the three tillage. The penetration resistance was determined at the depths of 0-80 cm while the soil moisture was determined on the surface (0-20 cm). These properties were determined directly before and after tillage operations. All the tillage operations were significantly different in their effects on soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance. The soil bulk density decreased with the degree of soil manipulation after first and third tillage and increased after second tillage, with NT having the highest mean bulk density 1.04, 0.95 and 1.03 g/cm3 while TT having the least 0.84, 0.83 and 0.72 g/cm3 for 1st, 2nd and 3rd season respectively. The soil penetration resistance decreased due to tillage operation, with NT also having the highest resistance of 1.69 MPa and 1.44 Mpa in hardpan during 1st and 2nd season and the lowest PR was 0.09, 0.17 and 0.21 Mpa at TT in 1st, 2nd and 3rd season. Highest mean porosity was 0.68 in 2nd season at TT and the lowest mean porosity was 0.36 in 3rd season at NT. The lowest volumetric moisture content was at ST 0.26 and 0.27 in 1st and 2nd season at ST, and the highest was at TT 0.56, 0.57 and 0.68 at TT in 1st, 2nd and 3rd season respectively. The soil particle density was increased after three tillage operation. The highest increase (23.73%) was noted in FT 2nd season and the minimum was in TT in 1 st season (6.04%) while it decreased in ST during the three seasons.
Measurement of human energy expenditure during crop production helps in the optimization of production operations and costs by identifying steps which that can benefit from the use of appropriate mechanization technologies. This study measures human energy expenditure associated with all 6 major rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation operations using two measurement methods-i.e. conventional human energy expenditure method and direct measurement with a Garmin forerunner 35 body media. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed comparison of these two methods and document the human energy costs in a manner that will identify steps to be taken to help optimize agricultural practices. Results (mean þ 95%CL) revealed that the total human energy expenditure obtained through the conventional method was 25.5% higher (33.3 AE 1 versus 26.6 AE 1.3) in transplanting and 26.1% higher (30.3 AE 1.9 versus 24.0 AE 2.1) than the human energy expenditure recorded using the Garmin method in broadcast seeding method. Similarly, during the harvesting operation, the conventional measurement and Garmin measurement methods differed significantly, with the conventional method the human energy expenditure was 89.9% higher (3.2 AE 0.4 versus 1.68 AE 0.2) in the fields using the transplanting and 88.7% higher (3.3 AE 0.5 versus 1.8 AE 0.3) in the fields using the broadcast seeding than the human energy expenditure recorded using the Garmin method. When using Garmin method, the human energy expenditure in the case of using the midsize combine harvester was 13.49% lesser (592.4 AE 67.2 versus 522.0 AE 75.1) than the case of using conventional one. Results based on heart rate also indicated that operations such as tillage were less intensive (72 AE 3.3 bpm) compared with operations such as chemicals spraying (135 AE 4 bpm). Although we did not have a criterion measure available to determine which method was the most accurate, the Garmin measurement gives an estimate of actual physical human energy expended in performing a specific task with consider all conditions and thus more information to aid in identifying critical operations that could be optimized and mechanized.
Fertilizers and pesticides are the most effective and costly inputs in rice production in wetland rice cultivation in Malaysia. Farmers need to know the optimum amount of these inputs to produce the same rice yield. In this study, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to estimate the farm input efficiencies of rice production based on seven inputs including N, P, K, and chemicals pesticides liquid insecticides, solid insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, and one output of rice grain yield. The study aimed to benchmark the inefficient farms to the efficient farms to optimize the fertilizer and pesticide inputs, and also maximize the rice grain yield output. We used three main models Charnes–Cooper–Rhodes (CCR), Banker–Charnes–Cooper (BCC), and Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) models in both direction input and output-oriented to evaluate the performance of every model and determine the effective one. The technical, pure technical, scale and cross efficiencies were calculated for rice production through the three models. The results revealed the average technical were (0.89 and 0.95) for CCR, (0.76 and 0.87) for SBM-I-C, (0.89 and 0.95) for SBM-O-C, and pure technical efficiencies were (0.95 and 0.97) for BCC-I, (0.97 and 0.99) for BCC-O, (0.79 and 0.9) for SBM-I-V, and (0.96 and 0.99) for SBN-O-V for first and second season respectively. The results showed that out of the total number of farms the efficient farms were 16.7% and 43.3% for CCR models, and 26.7% and 56.7% for BCC models for the first and second season respectively.
Water irrigation management, drainage, with land preparation in paddy field has crucial effects on rice planting quality and rice production. This study investigated the effects of water and land management on the performance of mechanical transplanting machines and the quality of planting. The investigation included the effect of land preparation before planting, soil condition during planting, and water management. Long field flooding periods combined with short sedimentation periods reduce the soil penetration resistance and soil bulk density which affect negatively the mechanical transplanting performance causing planting losses. The result showed the soil's physical properties penetration resistance and bulk density have a negative relation to planting losses. When the sedimentation period increased, the soil penetration resistance increased. There were strong relationships between the flooding period, sedimentation period, field water depth, and soil physical properties with transplanting speed, planting density, planting spacing, planting losses, and the depth of planting. About 50.5% of the farmers used the right required amount of water irrigation, and also the right time for irrigation.
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