Endoscopic CO2 laser resection of internal laryngocele provides a reliable and cost-effective method that minimizes hospitalization and the need for tracheotomy. We believe that advances in the applications of laser in microlaryngosurgery will alter the traditional management of all type of laryngoceles.

This is the first study to seek the difference between the endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal approaches on the olfactory system during pituitary surgery. The obtained results indicate that an endoscopic approach seems to be more advantageous than a microscopic approach for protecting olfactory system and function.

The purpose of this study is to compare the results of surgical approaches in management of elongated styloid process. Eight patients with Eagle's syndrome due to elongated styloid process were included in this study. All necessary preoperative diagnostic work-ups were done and four of them were operated transorally and four were operated extraorally. Preoperative and postoperative symptoms and postoperative patient satisfaction were investigated. No early or late postoperative complications were encountered in transoral group. One of the patients who was operated transcervically experienced a transient weakness in the marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve which resolved spontaneously within 2 weeks. Complete remission of symptoms was achieved in seven patients at the final follow-up, only one of the patients, who was operated intraorally, had partial remission. Only one of the patients who had unilateral excision of elongated styloid process transcervically complained about the permanent scar. Transoral approach is a safe surgical alternative achieving adequate treatment. The advantages of intraoral approach include less surgical travma, less surgical time and lack of servical scar, with similar outcomes when compared with transcervical approach.

Despite commonly used practices, usage of different types of pharyngeal packing did not affect incidence of PONV and throat pain, nor did usage of no packing.

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We outline the key for management of a rare intracranial air entrapment case after an endoscopic odontoidectomy surgery in a pediatric patient and the measures taken to prevent its occurrence in the future.

Isolated sphenoid sinus disease (ISSD) describes a wide spectrum of pathologies including inflammatory, vascular, bony dysplastic, and neoplastic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency with which a neoplastic process was diagnosed in patients of ISSD and patient management strategies. A retrospective analysis was conducted for all ISSD patients who underwent surgery between January 2005 and January 2014 at a tertiary center. The clinical characteristics, radiologic studies, operative findings, endoscopic surgical techniques, pathology results, and treatment outcomes of the patients were analyzed. In all, 42 patients (31 women and 11 men) were included in the study. Histopathologic examinations revealed that 10 patients (23.4%) had neoplasms (8 benign and 2 malignant), 19 (45.2%) had mucocele, 7 (16.7%) had fungal disease, and 6 (14.3%) had meningoencephalocele and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. With the exception of 2 patients with plasmacytoma, complete removal of the lesions was achieved in all patients using transnasal or transethmoidal endoscopic approaches, and no local recurrences were observed during the mean follow-up period of 42 months. More than one fifth of the patients with ISSD were diagnosed with neoplasms. The results indicated that endonasal endoscopic approaches could effectively help manage patients with ISSD lesions, including those that were neoplastic. It is clear that precaution during preoperative planning is imperative to avoid unexpected situations and complications that may put surgeons in a difficult position during surgery.

AIM: To review our experience of using the endoscopic endonasal approach for clivus and odontoid pathologies as well as craniovertebral junction anomalies at our institution. MATERIAL and METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 41 patients (21 male, 20 female; age range, 2-65 years) who underwent endoscopic endonasal procedures for craniovertebral junction pathologies between 2008 and 2017. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients, 27 had clivus lesions, 7 had odontoid lesions, 6 had basilar invagination, and 1 had rhinorrhea repair. Six patients underwent an additional posterior decompression/fusion either before or after the endonasal procedure. None of the patients required tracheostomy, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage was postoperatively detected in one patient. The patients' mean modified Rankin scale and visual analog scale scores were 3 and 4, respectively. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 50 months. CONCLUSION: Although the microscopic transoral approach has been considered the gold standard for craniovertebral junction surgical management, endoscopic approaches are feasible, safe, and effective for addressing pathologies in this region, with developing technique and surgical experience.