Introduction:The bonding of orthodontic attachments directly to etched enamel surface is an example of clinical application of a simplified procedure. With modifications of the acid etch technique and resin systems, the removal of the directly bonded attachments and finishing of the underlying enamel have become an acute clinical problem. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the enamel surface roughness observed under atomic force microscope (AFM) in following methods: 1. Before bonding; 2. Removal of residual resin after debonding with 3 different burs a. Fine diamond bur b. Tungsten carbide bur c. Fiber reinforced composite bur Materials and Methods: Sixty premolar teeth were divided into 3 equal groups and the buccal surface were subjected to AFM to obtain Ra, Rq, Rmax initial roughness values. The brackets were bonded with a light-cured adhesive and debonded with posterior debonding plier. Residual resin was removed with different burs in 3 groups respectively and subjected to final AFM measurements. Results of roughness were analysed with the use of repeated measurement analysis of variance and independent ttest respectively. Results: It was found out that parametric values were statistically insignificant with P value >0.001 in prebond condition & statistically significant after resin removal with P value < 0.001. Thereby showing reduced surface roughness regard to fiber reinforced composite, diamond & tungsten carbide bur respectively. Conclusion: Fiber reinforced composite bur created smoother surface after debonding when compared to diamond and tungsten carbide bur.
Background:
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a public health challenge, and the epidemiological profile is variable by geographical region and distinct from that of other diseases. Accurate knowledge of emerging disease trends is crucial for formulating effective control strategies.
Aims and Objectives:
The aim and objective of this study were to identify the changing scenario and emerging trends of STDs in Davangere, Karnataka, by evaluating patients attending a tertiary care center.
Materials and Methods:
A tertiary care-based retrospective study was conducted by analyzing the clinical records of the attendees presenting to the STD clinic at Chigateri General Hospital affiliated to JJM Medical College in Davangere, Karnataka, for a period of 5 years from January 2015 to December 2019. The collected data were analyzed and statistically compared with other studies.
Results:
Out of the 614 patients studied, the male-to-female ratio was 2:1, with 30–39 age groups being most affected. Eighty-eight percent of patients were married, with 36.64% giving a history of extramarital contact. Homosexual and bisexual contacts were observed to be 5.21% and 0.65%, respectively. Viral STDs affected nearly half of the patients (49.51%), followed by fungal (28.88%), bacterial (22.63%), and others (3.1%). The most common STD observed was herpes genitalis as seen in 101 (24.48%) patients, followed by candidal balanoposthitis (17.1%). Thirty-three (5.7%) patients were diagnosed with more than one STD. Of these patients, 13 were seropositive for HIV, resulting in a prevalence of 2.12%.
Conclusion:
The epidemiological profile of STDs is ever changing, and this study found an increase in viral and fungal STDs and downward trend of bacterial STDs comparable to that of studies from other regions.
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