Sign Language (SL), also known as gesture-based language, is used by people with hearing loss to convey their messages. SL interpreters are required for people who do not have the knowledge of SL, but interpreters are not readily available. Thus, a machine-based translation system is required to translate the text into SL. In this article, a system is implemented for translating English text into Indian Sign Language (ISL). It acts as a tool for human-computer interaction and eliminates the need for an ISL human interpreter for communicating with people who have hearing loss. The system features a rich corpus of English words and commonly used sentences. It consists of components such as an ISL parser, the Hamburg Notation System, the Signing Gesture Mark-up Language, and 3D avatar animation for generating SL according to ISL grammar. The proposed system has been tested rigorously by SL users. The results proved that the proposed system is highly efficient and achieves an average score of accuracy (i.e., 4.2 for English words and 3.8 for sentences on a scale from 1 to 5). The performance of proposed system has also been evaluated using the BiLingual Evaluation Understudy score, which results in 0.95 accuracy. The proposed system and mobile application together has the potential to bring individuals with hearing loss and their entourage together.
Thin diamond films prepared by the hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) method at various deposition pressures have been characterized using a variety of spectroscopic techniques. Interpretation of the spectral details have provided useful information about the nature of the films. Deposition pressure appears to affect the quality of the diamond films which is reflected in terms of the position and width of the characteristic Raman peak of diamond. Raman spectra of the films prepared at low deposition pressures showed the presence of a sharp peak at ~ 1332 cm-l characteristic of the T2g mode of diamond. The study of the effect of deposition pressure on the diamond growth, shows that in the range between 20 torr and 60 torr, there is little effect on the width and the shift of the 1332 cm-1 Raman peak. However, at higher pressures the peak showed a blue shift and was considerably broadened. These studies indicate the development of strain in the lattice due to the introduction of unetched hydride layer, at higher deposition pressures, as well as distortions in the lattice leading to partial lifting of the degeneracy of the T2g mode. A broad band corresponding to the non-diamond phase (which exists at the grain boundaries, interface or as inclusions inside the grain), which can be attributed to the effect of hydrogen impurity creeping into the lattice at higher deposition pressures is also observed. SEM and XRD patterns have confirmed the dominance of diamond phase in these films.
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