Objectives The aim of the review was to elucidate the adverse effects of chronic treatment with the main subclasses of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods A systematic review was carried out using the methods recommended in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis Protocols (PRISMA‐P). Searches of articles in MEDLINE, SCIELO, Web of Science and LILACS were conducted from January to October 2018 based on the following descriptors and keywords: ‘HIV’ [AND]; ‘AIDS’ [OR]; ‘HAART’ [AND]; ‘Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy’ [OR]; ‘Adverse Effects’ [AND]. All articles selected described the biochemical changes produced by, and the main adverse effects of, using one or more of the following HAART subclasses: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs) and other new drugs. The selected articles included patients living with HIV (PLWH) initiating or continuing any type of HAART. The results are presented qualitatively and discussed. Results Twenty‐one articles found in the searches were selected for the review, and they included a total of 5626 participants. Seven of the studies investigated mainly NRTIs, three studies mainly NNRTIs, eight studies predominantly PIs, and three studies other antiretroviral drugs as the main treatment. The most common adverse effects on biochemical parameters were the emergence of anaemia for NRTIs as well as NNRTIs and PIs, and plasma lipid alterations caused by their prolonged use. In general, it was found that biological differences among individuals can cause differences in adverse effects, such as virological and treatment failure. Conclusions One or more occurrences of adverse effects of the chronic utilization of drugs were found for all subclasses of HAART, and certain combinations of drugs from different subclasses were also found to be associated with adverse events.
The study aimed to quantify and characterize the Training Load (TL) in a Functional Training (FT) model using Heart Rate (HR) and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) methods, and to verify whether these methods could be valid to monitor the TL during a FT program. Methods: The study design consisted of two phases: phase 1 -composed of a single training session of FT (FT SESSION ), in which HR, sRPE, and pre-and post-exercise lactate [La] levels were assessed; phase 2 -composed of a FT program (FT PROGRAM ) with eight weeks of duration and two sessions per week. The HR and S RPE were utilized to monitor all training sessions, and the results between sessions 1 vs. 8, 8 vs. 9, and 9 vs. 16 were compared. Results: On phase 1, HR distribution demonstrated that the participants spent about 75% of the total training time above 80% HR max . Post-exercise [La] values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than pre-exercise. The mean sRPE score was 8.5 ± 1.2. In phase 2, HR distribution was different between sessions 1-8 and 8-9 (p < 0.05). A strong correlation (r = 0.790) between the internal training load (ITL) and Training impulse (TRIMP) was observed. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that the FT SESSION can be characterized as a high-intensity exercise, based on the pattern of HR responses and sRPE, and was reinforced by the [La peak ]. Also, the TL monitoring methods (sRPE and TRIMP) proved to be valid for monitoring FT programs.
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