Little evidence, of very low to moderate quality, exists on the effects of interventions for preventing and treating IAD in adults. Soap and water performed poorly in the prevention and treatment of IAD. Application of leave-on products (moisturisers, skin protectants, or a combination) and avoiding soap seems to be more effective than withholding these products. The performance of leave-on products depends on the combination of ingredients, the overall formulation and the usage (e.g. amount applied). High quality confirmatory trials using standardised, and comparable prevention and treatment regimens in different settings/regions are required. Furthermore, to increase the comparability of trial results, we recommend the development of a core outcome set, including validated measurement tools. The evidence in this review is current up to 28 September 2016.
This paper tries to make three points. First, current constructs in personality and psychopathology are based on the restrictive evidence contained in self-reports. As a result, heterogeneous categories of individuals are assigned to the same category. Second, it is suggested that when different sources of evidence are included, theoretically distinct groups will be detected within the prior heterogeneous category. Third, the authors argue that physiological information has the potential to parse individuals with similar phenotypes on self-report data into distinct groups that reveal the temperamental origins of their phenotype.
Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is one of the clinical manifestations of moisture-associated skin damage. It is a common problem in community dwelling patients with faecal and/or urinary incontinence, and IAD management is an important challenge for community nurses. The aim of this practice focused article is to provide a brief update about the evidence of: (1) the pathophysiology of IAD, (2) the differentiation between IAD and pressure ulcers, and (3) the prevention/treatment of IAD. Recommendations for patient care in the community is described with reference to a patient case study.
AI•STRACT.--The distribution of nesting Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) in coastal Mainewas studied by examining the relationship between colony size and availability of food supplies near colonies, the selection of nesting habitat, and the spacing of colonies. Nineteen colonies (size range 4-252 nests) were located, all on marine islands. The number of nests in a colony was correlated positively (r = 0.82) with the area of tidal and inland wetlands within a 20-km radius of a colony. Nest and colony characteristics were highly variable, and suitable nesting habitat did not seem to limit colony size or distribution. The degree of forestation, presence of hardwoods, and distance of an island from towns and other islands with colonies were apparently important factors in selection of nesting islands. Colonies were uniformly distributed along the coast at intervals of about 16 km. We present a model for the observed dispersion of heron nests based on the conclusion that food competition between members of the same colony probably limits the size of colonies, whereas food competition between members of adjacent colonies may determine colony distribution. Re-
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