RUNNING HEAD: CONSCIOUS-SUBCONSCIOUS PACING CONTROL 2 Key PointsThe extent to which athletic pacing is under conscious or subconscious control has been a significant point of discussion and disagreement among researchers in this field, yet has failed to produce notable advances in our understanding of pacing mechanisms.The notion that conscious processes are independent of subconscious, pre-conscious and unconscious influence is conceptually flawed, restricted in theoretical scope and has limited investigative utility.Key terms of conscious, preconscious, subconscious and unconscious are defined and dual process theory, which distinguishes between intuitive and deliberative action, is offered as an alternative framework for investigating the control of athletic pacing. RUNNING HEAD: CONSCIOUS-SUBCONSCIOUS PACING CONTROL3 Abstract A prevailing issue is the extent to which athletic pacing decisions are made consciously or subconsciously. In this article we discuss why the one-dimensional conscioussubconscious debate that has reigned in the pacing literature has suppressed our understanding of the multidimensional processes that occur in pacing decisions: how do we make our decisions in real life competitive situations? What information do we use and how do we respond to opponents? These are questions that need to be explored and better understood, using smartly designed experiments. The paper provides clarity about key conscious, pre-conscious, subconscious and unconscious concepts, terms that have previously been used in conflicting and confusing ways. The potential of dual process theory, in articulating multidimensional aspects of intuitive and deliberative decision-making processes, is discussed in the context of athletic pacing along with associated process-tracing research methods. In attempting to refine pacing models and improve training strategies and psychological skills for athletes, the dual-process framework could be used to gain a clearer understanding of i) the situational conditions for which either intuitive or deliberative decisions are optimal, ii) how intuitive and deliberative decisions are biased by things like perception, emotion and experience, and iii) the underlying cognitive mechanisms such as memory, attention allocation, problemsolving and hypothetical thought. RUNNING HEAD: CONSCIOUS-SUBCONSCIOUS PACING CONTROL4

This manuscript provides a review of the clinical case study within the field of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic treatment. The method has been contested for methodological reasons and because it would contribute to theoretical pluralism in the field. We summarize how the case study method is being applied in different schools of psychoanalysis, and we clarify the unique strengths of this method and areas for improvement. Finally, based on the literature and on our own experience with case study research, we come to formulate nine guidelines for future case study authors: (1) basic information to include, (2) clarification of the motivation to select a particular patient, (3) information about informed consent and disguise, (4) patient background and context of referral or self-referral, (5) patient's narrative, therapist's observations and interpretations, (6) interpretative heuristics, (7) reflexivity and counter-transference, (8) leaving room for interpretation, and (9) answering the research question, and comparison with other cases.

No abstract

In this paper I consider the experiences around the time boundary of therapeutic sessions of both therapists and patients working remotely during the pandemic. I discuss the precision of electronic time and the different dynamics around the beginning of sessions. The business of arriving, whether early, on time or late, has different drivers and meanings in the online world. I consider how difficult it is to take up these dynamics adequately when faced with the real uncertainties of internet connections. Communications between therapist and patient around time boundaries have also presented new challenges, and the way sessions end is very different. The experience of time within sessions is altered, and sessions are no longer bracketed with the journey to and from the consulting room. The dynamics around power and vulnerability are different and the management of time boundaries bring these dynamics vividly to life. The paper closes with some practical considerations around remote working as this is likely to be a part of our practice even after the pandemic is finally over.

This paper considers some aspects of the meaning of chronic lateness in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The central role of time in psychoanalytic work and the significance of enactments around the analytic frame are considered. Using clinical material the writer explores how lateness can be understood as an expression of global difficulties in accepting and adapting to the demands of reality as well as a wide range of complex object-relationship difficulties. Some of the technical and countertransference complexities of dealing with lateness are discussed. Lateness is seen to project intolerable experiences into the therapist, to demonstrate the patient's intense difficulties in imagining and tolerating a productive couple, to re-enact a sadomasochistic dynamic from the patient's past and to re-encounter/re-address the patient's early experiences of rejection and oedipal rivalries. The eventual synchronization of therapist and patient's times is explored as a major achievement in the patient's increasing capacity for relating.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract