Effective interprofessional working, which is widely considered as essential to high-quality health care, is influenced by the attitudes of health care professionals towards their own and other professional groups. Relatively little is known, however, about interprofessional attitudes, particularly of students in health care professions. This study aimed to increase our understanding of students' attitudes towards their own and other professional groups on entry to a programme of professional education. Hypothesised relationships between stereotypes, professional identity and readiness for professional learning were tested by means of a questionnaire survey of 933 undergraduate health care students drawn from five health care groups (medicine, nursing, dietetics, pharmacy and physiotherapy) within a multi-faculty UK university. Positive statistically significant correlations were found between stereotypes, professional identity and readiness for interprofessional learning. As predicted, students identified strongly with their own professional group at the start of pre-registration education. They were also willing to engage in interprofessional learning. More unexpected was the positive association found between heterostereotype and professional identity scores. There are potential benefits of introducing active interprofessional education activities at an early stage of professional preparation to capitalise on students' positive attitudes towards their own and other professional groups.

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Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of an intervention package comprising intense education, a range of reporting options, changes in report management and enhanced feedback, in order to improve incidentreporting rates and change the types of incidents reported. Design, setting and participants: Non-equivalent group controlled clinical trial involving medical and nursing staff working in 10 intervention and 10 control units in four major cities and two regional hospitals in South Australia. Main outcome measures: Comparison of reporting rates by type of unit, profession, location of hospital, type of incident reported and reporting mechanism between baseline and study periods in control and intervention units. Results: The intervention resulted in significant improvement in reporting in inpatient areas (additional 60.3 reports/10 000 occupied bed days (OBDs); 95% CI 23.8 to 96.8, p,0.001) and in emergency departments (EDs) (additional 39.5 reports/10 000 ED attendances; 95% CI 17.0 to 62.0, p,0.001). More reports were generated (a) by doctors in EDs (additional 9.5 reports/10 000 ED attendances; 95% CI 2.2 to 16.8, p = 0.001); (b) by nurses in inpatient areas (additional 59.0 reports/10 000 OBDs; 95% CI 23.9 to 94.1, p,0.001) and (c) anonymously (additional 20.2 reports/10 000 OBDs and ED attendances combined; 95% CI 12.6 to 27.8, p,0.001). Compared with control units, the study resulted in more documentation, clinical management and aggression-related incidents in intervention units. In intervention units, more reports were submitted on one-page forms than via the call centre (1005 vs 264 reports, respectively). Conclusions: A greater variety and number of incidents were reported by the intervention units during the study, with improved reporting by doctors from a low baseline. However, there was considerable heterogeneity between reporting rates in different types of units.

This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov.NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. ErrataThis report, originally published in August 2018, has been revised in September 2021 to correct life cycle assessment calculations applied to the biomass conversion via combined algae processing pathway analyses. The amended calculations and associated results were used to update Figures 22-28 and Tables 14 and A-1-A-4 in the Appendix. The changes to the results were not significant enough to impact any of the overall conclusions or trends outlined in the report, and did not impact resource assessment or techno-economic analysis metrics, nor life cycle assessment metrics for the hydrothermal liquefaction conversion pathway.iii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. NomenclatureAD anaerobic digestion AFDW ash-free dry weight ANL Argonne National Laboratory BAT Biomass Assessment Tool BETO Bioenergy Technologies Office BGY billion gallons per year BGGE/yr billion gallons gasoline equivalent per year BT16 2016 Billion-Ton Report CAP combined algae processing CC carbon capture CHP combined heat and power CONUS conterminous United States DAP diammonium phosphate DOE U.S. Department of Energy FAME fatty acid methyl ester FFA free fatty acid FY fiscal year GAI Global Algae Innovations GHG greenhouse gas GREET Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation HCSD high-carbohydrate Scenedesmus

This paper describes research concerned with assisting groups in organizations handle their complex, ill-structured policy issues in ways which we believe are significantly different from many typical policy analysis projects. It is our belief that many systems research, operational research and management science projects have concentrated on 'objective', usually quantitative data at the expense of losing their clients' interest and commitment. Our work is concerned with taking account of intersubjectivity in policy analysis and evaluation. I t is orientated to the construction of models that will be owned by our clients because they recognize as legitimate, and explicitly take account of, the subjective and particular knowledge of individuals within organizations. They also explicitly take account of the interaction of shared and individual knowledge as a group comes to define an intersubjective group issue.

Physiotherapy education is changing, and educators are increasingly concerned about the levels of stress observed in students. Considerable research has investigated stressors in medical and nursing students; however, studies of physiotherapy students were conducted more than a decade ago. This study examined the sources of stress, perceived course difficulty, and hours of paid employment in undergraduate physiotherapy students in Western Australia (WA) and the United Kingdom (UK). The Undergraduate Sources of Stress questionnaire was administered to students in all years of Bachelor of Science (Physiotherapy) programs (n = 249 WA; n = 161 UK) and a Master of Physiotherapy (graduate entry) program (n = 24 WA) with an overall response rate of 70%. Academic concerns were rated highest for all students, particularly the amount to learn, time demands of the course, and conflict with other activities. The course was perceived to be more difficult than expected by 71% of students. Although the mean (SD) hours per week worked in paid employment by WA and UK students is 12.52 (13.90) and 7.16 (4.02), respectively, there was no correlation between any stress subscale and number of hours worked. Reducing the amount of content and revision of the outcomes of physiotherapy curricula could potentially reduce academic stress.

Physiotherapy is the largest healthcare contributor after nursing and medicine and it is important to understand its employment characteristics. This study aimed to explore workforce trends for recent physiotherapy graduates, including satisfaction and motivating factors, and future career intentions. A self-administered questionnaire was provided to contactable entry-level physiotherapy graduates (2000-2004) from Curtin University. Of 256 respondents (62.9%), 76.5% were employed full-time. A total of 45% of physiotherapists worked in the public health system; 79.3% worked in cities; 92.2% were clinicians. Top salaries were earned by those completing more continuing professional development hours, working privately, in rural locations and males. A total of 65% (n = 118) of respondents believed they would leave physiotherapy within 10 years. The best aspects of working in physiotherapy were 'helping people', 'flexibility' and 'working in a healthcare team'. Major areas for improvement were 'remuneration', 'skill recognition' and 'marketing'. This study suggests serious implications for the future of the health; planning to avert shortages is essential.

To date, physiotherapists have relied upon the use of finger widths for measurement of rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD). This method has been proven unreliable, due to variations in finger widths. The intra-rater reliability of dial calipers for measurement of RAD was investigated by this study, using a repeated measures design. Measurements were taken at rest and during contraction on three occasions in 30 postpartum subjects. High reliability was demonstrated for resting and active RAD measurements, (ICC=0.93 and 0.95 respectively). In conclusion, dial calipers are a reliable measuring device when used by a single clinician. Further testing is required to determine inter-rater reliability.