This literature review draws from academic and grey literature, published largely as institutional reports and blogs. Most information found considered global impacts on employment and the labour market with the particular impact for the very high numbers of youth, women, migrant workers, and people with disabilities who are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. There has been a high negative impact on the informal sector and for precariously employed groups. The informal labour market is largest in low and middle-income countries and engages 2 billion workers (62 percent) of the global workforce (currently around 3.3 billion). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, hard-hit sectors have a high proportion of workers in informal employment and workers with limited access to health services and social protection. Economic contractions are particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises to weather. Reduced working hours and staff reductions both increase worker poverty and hardship. Women, migrant workers, and youth form a major part of the workforce in the informal economy since they are more likely to work in these vulnerable, low-paying informal jobs where there are few protections, and they are not reached by government support measures. Young people have been affected in two ways as many have had their education interrupted; those in work these early years of employment (with its continued important learning on the job) have been interrupted or in some cases ended.
Oxfam GB, founded in 1942, is a development, humanitarian, and campaigning agency dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world. Oxfam believes that every human being is entitled to a life of dignity and opportunity, and it works with others worldwide to make this become a reality.From its base in Oxford, UK, Oxfam GB publishes and distributes a wide range of books and other resource materials for development and relief workers, researchers, campaigners, schools and colleges, and the general public, as part of its programme of advocacy, education, and communications.Oxfam GB is a member of Oxfam International, a confederation of 12 agencies of diverse cultures and languages which share a commitment to working for an end to injustice and poverty -both in long-term development work and at times of crisis.For further information about Oxfam's publishing, and online ordering, visit www.oxfam.org.uk/publications For further information about Oxfam's development, advocacy, and humanitarian relief work around the world, visit www.oxfam.org.uk ADDAction on Disability and Development (ADD) has a vision of a world where all disabled people are able to participate as fully as they choose, at every level of society. To achieve this, it works in partnership with networks of disabled people in some of the poorest communities in the world, to help them to campaign for the rightful inclusion of disabled adults and children in society.ADD is the only British-based agency supporting self-help development work, exclusively, with groups of disabled people in Africa and Asia. Since 1985 it has supported more than 75,000 disabled people in their self-help activities and their fight for basic rights and equal opportunities.ADD's aim is to see democratic, representative, and active networks of disabled people who are campaigning for the rights of all their members, whatever their disability. Through facilitating the growth of these organisations, locally and nationally, ADD aims to help to promote a vibrant people's movement. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions:• with the prior written permission of the publisher; or• with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or• for quotation in a review of the work; or• under the terms set out below.This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable. For too long disabled people -most particularly disabled women and childre...
Oxfam GB, founded in 1942, is a development, humanitarian, and campaigning agency dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world. Oxfam believes that every human being is entitled to a life of dignity and opportunity, and it works with others worldwide to make this become a reality.From its base in Oxford, UK, Oxfam GB publishes and distributes a wide range of books and other resource materials for development and relief workers, researchers, campaigners, schools and colleges, and the general public, as part of its programme of advocacy, education, and communications.Oxfam GB is a member of Oxfam International, a confederation of 12 agencies of diverse cultures and languages which share a commitment to working for an end to injustice and poverty -both in long-term development work and at times of crisis.For further information about Oxfam's publishing, and online ordering, visit www.oxfam.org.uk/publications For further information about Oxfam's development, advocacy, and humanitarian relief work around the world, visit www.oxfam.org.uk ADDAction on Disability and Development (ADD) has a vision of a world where all disabled people are able to participate as fully as they choose, at every level of society. To achieve this, it works in partnership with networks of disabled people in some of the poorest communities in the world, to help them to campaign for the rightful inclusion of disabled adults and children in society.ADD is the only British-based agency supporting self-help development work, exclusively, with groups of disabled people in Africa and Asia. Since 1985 it has supported more than 75,000 disabled people in their self-help activities and their fight for basic rights and equal opportunities.ADD's aim is to see democratic, representative, and active networks of disabled people who are campaigning for the rights of all their members, whatever their disability. Through facilitating the growth of these organisations, locally and nationally, ADD aims to help to promote a vibrant people's movement. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions:• with the prior written permission of the publisher; or• with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or• for quotation in a review of the work; or• under the terms set out below.This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable. For too long disabled people -most particularly disabled women and childre...
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