A pollen sequence spanning the last c. 9500 years is presented from Sidlings Copse, a wood in Oxfordshire with a large number of vascular plant species generally taken to be indicators of 'ancient' (often assumed to be primary) woodland. The sequence provides evidence that the present woodland is secondary, resulting from regeneration on open land which commenced approximately 1000 years ago. Textual and cartographic evidence is used to shed additional light on the recent history of Sidlings Copse, indicating that it is a remnant of a much larger block of woodland present throughout the mediaeval and early postmediaeval periods up to the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century. The work demonstrates that ancient woodland cannot be assumed to represent relicts of the original post glacial woodland cover and that large assemblages of 'ancient woodland indicator' vascular plants can occur in secondary woodland. It is suggested that such plants tend to be absent from recent secondary woodland because they are slower to colonize new sites than other species.
summary The results of pollen, sedimentological, magnetic susceptibility and charcoal particle analysis of two radiocarbon‐dated sequences of organic deposits from the Oxford region are presented. The record from one of the sites, Cothill Fen, extends from c. 10000 to c. 6500 BP, while that from the other site, Sidlings Copse, covers the period from c. 9500 BP to the present. The post‐glacial landscape was initially open, with some Betula and Pinus sylvestris woodland. At Cothill Fen, Corylus avellana populations began to expand at c. 9400 BP, followed by Ulmus at c. 9100 BP, Quercus at c. 8800 BP, and Tilia cordata and Alnus glutinosa at c. 6800 BP. T. cordata probably became dominant on well‐drained soils in the region. At Sidlings Copse, P. sylvestris declined as populations of Quercus and Ulmus expanded, but P. sylvestris persisted around Cothill Fen until t. 7700 BP, perhaps connected with human disturbance of the vegetation. The Ulmus decline at Sidlings Copse is suggested to have resulted from a combination of disease and exploitation of leaf‐fodder, with no major clearance until c. 3800 BP. By c. 3 700 BP no woodland remained around the site, but local regeneration began at c. 1000 BP.
s we approach the dawn of the next millennium, juvenile justice is at a crossroads. The direction we choose to take as a Nation may well determine the destiny of our youth. To make informed decisions, we need timely information. With this issue, Juvenile Justice continues to make its contribution to that end. In Restoring the Balance: Juvenile and Community Justice, Gordon Bazemore and Susan Day provide valuable insights into balanced and restorative justice. Decrying the failure of traditional treatment and criminalized retributive models to restore public confidence in the juvenile justice system, the authors advocate an alternative, community-oriented system that involves citizens in setting clear limits on antisocial behavior and establishing appropriate consequences for juvenile offenders. OJJDP's Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Programs (IAP) initiative, launched in 1988, helps correctional agencies enhance aftercare, commonly regarded as one of the weak links in the juvenile justice system. In Aftercare Not Afterthought: Testing the IAP Model, coprincipal investigators David Altschuler and Troy Armstrong describe the implementation of the initiative. If information is essential to making sound decisions, getting information into the hands of those who can use it is crucial. Satellite teleconferencing is changing the way people receive information, where they receive it, and from whom. OJJDP is committed to using state-of-the-art techniques to disseminate information to the juvenile justice field, as Michael Jones, Bruce Wolford, and F.M. Porpotage evidence in Using Satellite Teleconferencing. Juvenile justice is at a crossroads, but with the support of committed professionals and concerned citizens like the readers of Juvenile Justice, I am confident that the road ahead will be one of promise for America's youth.
The existence of a ‘radiocarbon plateau’ at 9600 BP causes problems for early Mesolithic archaeology and palaeoecology, since events separated by up to 400 calendar years are not distinguished by radiocarbon dating. A new sequence of closely spaced radiocarbon accelerator dates from waterlogged deposits at the early Mesolithic site at Star Carr, Yorkshire, has enabled recognition of this plateau. It has been possible to ‘wiggle-match’ these Star Carr dates to the recently produced dendrochronological calibration curve for the early post-glacial period, providing an ‘absolute’ chronology for formation of the deposits. Associated high resolution palaeoecological analyses indicate two local phases of human activity, the lengths of which can be estimated from the calibrated time-scale. As far as we are aware, this is the first time that it has been possible to provide ‘absolute’ dates for human activity at an early Mesolithic site in Europe.
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