Increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of lithium sources, due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase, have raised awareness of the importance of developing alternative energy-storage candidates that can sustain the ever-growing energy demand. Furthermore, limitations on the availability of the transition metals used in the manufacturing of cathode materials, together with questionable mining practices, are driving development towards more sustainable elements. Given the uniformly high abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium, as well as its very suitable redox potential (close to that of lithium), sodium-ion battery technology offers tremendous potential to be a counterpart to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in different application scenarios, such as stationary energy storage and low-cost vehicles. This potential is reflected by the major investments that are being made by industry in a wide variety of markets and in diverse material combinations. Despite the associated advantages of being a drop-in replacement for LIBs, there are remarkable differences in the physicochemical properties between sodium and lithium that give rise to different behaviours, for example, different coordination preferences in compounds, desolvation energies, or solubility of the solid–electrolyte interphase inorganic salt components. This demands a more detailed study of the underlying physical and chemical processes occurring in sodium-ion batteries and allows great scope for groundbreaking advances in the field, from lab-scale to scale-up. This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in academia and industry of the current state of the art in 2021 and the different research directions and strategies currently underway to improve the performance of sodium-ion batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges and opportunities, from the fundamental properties to the practical applications of this technology.
The present investigation is focused on the utilization of abundantly available industrial waste, i.e., fly-ash in a useful manner by dispersing it into aluminum/aluminum—magnesium matrix to produce composites by a liquid metallurgy route. Composites are produced with different percentage of reinforcing phase. Further, these composites are characterized using XRD, wet chemical analysis, and image analysis. Mechanical and wear properties of the composites are evaluated.
One of the most crucial variables to consider while analysing the current conduction process in the metal organic Schottky contact is the Richardson constant. However, there aren't many publications on the determination of the useful Richardson constant for Fruit dyes. For two different
Fruit dyes, Carmoisine, and Tartrazine, we have determined the values of the effective Richardson constant in this work. By using the spin coating method, a thin organic layer of these natural colours was sandwiched between a copper plate and a piece of glass that had been coated in indium
tin oxide. The current-voltage-temperature response of the cells was examined at a temperature range of 303K to 333K. The estimated effective Richardson constants for these dyes are 95.09 x 10-3 A/cm2K2 and 44.35 x 10-3 A/cm2K2
for CS and TZ dye respectively, which are different from the typical value of 120 A/cm2K2. We can analyse several electrical properties for these natural dyes with the aid of these values.
Plasma spray technology is being widely used for the development of protective coatings to prevent degradation of critical components working under severe conditions. Plasma sprayed alumina-titania have many industrial applications. These coatings provide a dense and hard surface which is resistant to abrasion, corrosion, cavitation, oxidation, and erosion. Plasma sprayed alumina-titania coatings are regularly used for wear resistance, electrical insulation, thermal barrier applications, etc. Alumina pre-mixed with titania powder is deposited on mild steel substances by atmospheric plasma spraying. Microstructure of the coating is analyzed by SEM. Adhesion strength of alumina-titania coatings are measured. The response of plasma sprayed alumina-titania coatings to the impingement of solid particles has been presented in this study. The erosion rate is calculated on the basis of 'coating mass loss'. It is observed that the erosion wear rate varies with erodent dose, angle of attack, the velocity of erodent, standoff distance, and size of the erodent. Cumulative coating mass loss varies with time of erosion.
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