BackgroundThe vertebral arteries (VA) nourish the posterior cerebral circulation. Planning neck and cervical interventions like drilling and instrumentation, which involves VA manipulation, require an in-depth acquaintance with the normal and variant patterns encountered in the origin and course of the VA. Embryological events involved in forming these variant patterns can be correlated to their prior disposition in the lower vertebrate's understanding which becomes crucial while planning cervical interventions. Study designThis is a single-center, retrospective study.
Purpose:The Vertebral arteries (VA) nourishes the posterior circulation supplying the brain. These variant patterns can be correlated to their development and such embryological variants should be well known before diagnosing or planning interventions in the head and neck regions. Methods: After due ethical clearence, CT angiography of 70 subjects were studied for variations of VA under, V1 – From origin to entrance into the FT (foramen transversarium), V2- Part inside FT, V3- from its exit from FT till it pierces the cranial Dura mater, V4- Intracranial part. Further, VA was observed for its origin, dominance, level of entry in FT, and any associated anomalies. Results:The VA was found mostly to be codominant. There was an opposite directional relationship between the BA curvature and the dominance of VA. The association of ischemic events with hypoplastic VA was more on the left side (66.67%). Left VA originated from Aorta in 4.3% subjects. 1.4% cases presented with dual origin of VA. The abnormal origin of the LVA from Aorta presented with a higher rate of anomalous entry (C4, C5) into FT (C6) and was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion:Our study attempts to identify and document anatomical variations present in VA in the population of North-East India by CT angiography and to correlate their relevant development which may further help us understand these patterns for better diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes.
Introduction The mucosa in the cardiac region of the stomach has been less understood. Cardiac mucosa (CM) with less parietal and oxyntic cells has been defined as a normal mucosa. Studies have shown that CM can be the result of occult reflux. Oxyntic mucosa (OM) is normal, and it changes to CM with age. In advancing age, it is more common to find CM instead of OM and oxyntocardiac mucosa (OCM). This study is an attempt to examine the distribution of the three different types of mucosa in various age groups. Materials and methods The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India, from 2017 to 2019. Once the stomach was opened, histological specimens were prepared, and the type of mucosa was observed and recorded. Then, the distribution of the types of mucosa in various age groups was analyzed. Results The distribution of mucosa varies significantly across different age groups, and CM increases with age. Conclusion Our present study suggests that CM frequency increases with age. This is in accordance with studies that suggest that CM is a result of occult reflux with age. This observation creates a scope to revise the approaches for upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.
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