This work presents a maiden approach of coordinated frequency control of novel solar tower (ST)-Archimedes wave energy conversion (AWEC)-geothermal energy conversion (GEC)-biodiesel driven generator (BDDG)-energy storage (ES) units and direct current (DC) links based independent three-area interconnected microgrid system (ImGS). A recent metaheuristic technique, named butterfly optimisation algorithm (BOA) is applied to obtain the optimal gains of the controllers employed with the ImGS and system participation factors. The dynamic performance of proportional-integral derivative (PID), PID with filter (PIDN), proportional-fractional-order integral derivative (PFOID) controllers with their gains tuned by different algorithms such as particle swarm optimisation (PSO), firefly algorithm (FA), whale optimisation algorithm (WOA), and BOA have been compared. Further, the effect of ES units and DC links in all the areas is analysed first time in ImGS. The results have established the superiority of the BOA-based PFOID controllers under different real-world scenarios in terms of frequency deviation, tie-line power, and objective functions. Finally, rigorous sensitivity analysis has been conducted to evaluate the superiority of BOA-optimised PFOID controller towards preserving system stability of ImGS with ±25% change in synchronising tie-line coefficients and bias values, and +20% change in loading condition without resetting the nominal condition gain values.

This study endeavours an effective frequency control of renewable-based isolated two-area interconnected microgrid (ICμG) without battery, incorporating wind power generation in area-1, dish-Stirling solar power generation system in area-2 and other common distributed generation systems such as diesel engine driven generator, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, heat pump and freezer in both the areas. A recently developed heuristic optimisation technique called water cycle algorithm (WCA) is applied to optimally tune the parameters of the non-integer fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers employed with ICμG. Application of WCA-based FOPID controllers in frequency control two-area ICμG without battery is a novel work. The comparative performance analysis of proportional-integral-derivative (PID), PID with filter and non-integer orderbased FOPID controller with their gains tuned by particle swarm optimisation (PSO), improved PSO, firefly algorithm and WCA algorithms indicates the superiority of WCA-based FOPID controller's under different case studies (considering different load disturbances, wind speed variation with real data, and solar irradiance) in terms of frequency deviation, tie-line power, and objective function. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis contemplates that WCA-optimised FOPID controller can withstand ±25% change in synchronising coefficient, +20% change in loading condition and ±25% change in frequency bias constant without resetting the gain values.

This study proposes an earliest approach toward coordinated frequency stabilisation of wind turbine driven generatortidal power generation-biodiesel driven generator-micro-turbine generator-based islanded two-area interconnected microgrid system with demand response support (DRS) mechanism. A recent bio-inspired optimisation technique, named yellow saddle goatfish algorithm (YSGA) is employed to optimally tune the controller gains. The comparative dynamic performance of conventional proportional-integral-derivative (CPID), fractional order (FO) PID, dual-stage PIFOD-one plus PI [PIFOD-(1 + PI)] controllers' parameters optimised by several algorithmic tools such as particle swarm optimisation, firefly algorithmic tool, salp swarm technique and YSGA clearly designates the superiority of YSGA-PIFOD-(1 + PI) controller under different scenarios (considering the real-time recorded wind and load data) in terms of change in frequency, tie-line power fluctuation and objective function. Furthermore, the impact of the DRS mechanism in both areas is analysed first time under real-time wind and load disturbances. Finally, the rigorous sensitivity analysis of YSGA-optimised PIFOD-(1 + PI) controller has been conducted with the variation of wind turbine driven generator gain, ±30% change in synchronising tie-line factor, frequency bias value, microgrid system time constant and + 30% change in loading magnitude without retuning the optimal base condition values.

This study investigates the frequency control of an isolated hybrid power system (HPS) in the presence of parabolictrough solar thermal power system (STPS), wind generator, diesel engine generator and battery energy storage system to ensure the system reliability. Dynamic performance of the HPS has been analysed considering the degree of penetration of solar thermal power. The inclusion of parabolic-trough-based STPS in such study is a maiden work. For coordinated control of the whole system and to damp out the oscillations occurring due to the disturbances, proportional-integral (PI) and PIderivative controllers are incorporated whose gain parameters are simultaneously optimised by genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimisation, and mine blast algorithm (MBA). MBA-based control strategy in such a hybrid system has been reported for the first time. The dynamic response analysis with different algorithms figured out that the parameters of controllers tuned by MBA provide a significant improvement in the performance of HPS.

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This work is a maiden attempt towards the voltage stability enhancement of a hybrid power system (HPS) comprising of Parabolic Trough solar power (PSP), Dish-Stirling Solar Power (DSP) and diesel generator (DG). DSP coupled with induction generator requires reactive power for its field winding to be magnetized whereas PSP employing permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) doesn't require reactive power for excitation. So, it's worthwhile to infer that PSP reduces the reactive power requirement for its own functionality and may meet the same load demand at low voltage compensation. Lower voltage compensation requirement results in higher voltage stability. Besides, dynamic responses of the system are also improved as the HPS has been incorporated with Voltage Compensating Devices (VCDs) like Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). Inclusion of FACTS devices reduces the probability of the transient voltage instability. HPS with FACTS devices under PSP has been subjected to the critical change in load with positive and negative infinite slope at regular interval of time to see the system practicality and its feasibility. The graphical and numerical analysis of the proposed system explicitly shows that the proposed HPS with PSP retains the system voltage stability with great margin under DVR. The efficient hybrid power system as a whole has been achieved to maintain the system reliability in terms of voltage because of the presence of PSP and DVR. INDEX TERMSParabolic trough solar power (PSP), Dish-Stirling solar power (DSP), Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), mine blast algorithm (MBA) NOMENCLATURE Variable Description QDG Reactive power supplied by diesel generator. QLOAD Load demand QDSP Reactive power of DSP QPSP Reactive power of PSP QSVC Reactive power of SVC QSTATCOM Reactive power of STATCOM. QDVR Reactive power of DVR. Xm Reactance of DSP Xeq Equivalent reactance Req Equivalent resistance IG Induction Generator KF Gain of regulator stabilizing circuit TF Time constant of regulator stabilizing circuit TA Time constant of regulator amplifier KA Gain of regulator amplifier ∆Efd Change in exciter voltage ∆EM Change in electromagnetic energy of IG Td, Tα Dead zone time for zero crossings of the STATCOM controller and transport lag. Δα Deviation in phase angle at STATCOM. ΔV, Vref, ΔVa, ΔVf Change in system voltage, reference voltage, voltage of amplifier and exciter, respectively.