Research Articlealso useful as prognostic indicator in large animal medicine, and it provides a record of the varying potential difference that occurs over the surface of the body as the result of electrical activity within the heart. In large animals, including buffaloes, a base apex lead has been shown to be an ideal lead system for monitoring cardiac arrhythmias [2]. Recently normal ECG study parameters in adult goats were recorded in Andhra Pradesh [3]. Literature on normal values of different ECG parameters in buffaloes was scarce so, a preliminary study was undertaken on buffaloes using the Base-Apex ECG lead system in Proddatur of YSR Kadapa District in Andhra Pradesh state of India. Materials and MethodsPresent study was conducted in buffaloes (28) which are maintained in well dairy farm and cases presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, in Y.S.R. Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Buffaloes in this study were maintained occasional open grazing with green pasture, paddy straw and ad libitum water. All the buffaloes in this study were aged between 4 to 9 years and in lactation period and were clinically examined for soundness before the recordings described by Rosenberger [4]. Buffaloes were apparently healthy and normal at the time of study and all the vital signs were within the normal range and free from the cardiac and other systemic problems. Electrocardiographic parameters recorded in this study were on a bipolar base apex lead, using limb lead I as standard [5]. Same procedure was adopted previously to record the normal ECG parameters in sheep and goats [6,7]. All ECGs were recorded on a three channel electrocardiographic machine (Marks electronics, Chennai) with 25 mm/sec paper speed and calibrated 10 mm/ mV.The right arm electrode was attached to middle of the neck (Figure 1) and the left arm electrode is placed over the apex of the heart just behind the elbow (Figure 2) [5]. Buffaloes were kept in quiet surroundings at the time of recording. The electrodes were placed using alligator clips with a gel contact. In order to ensure good adherence to the skin, the skin was cleaned with alcohol prior to the application of the gel. The recordings were analyzed for the P wave, the QRS complex, the PR interval, the ST segment, the QT interval and the T wave. Heart rate was calculated according to the R-R interval in lead-1. All the data were analysed by using the SPSS software and expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SE) and range at confidence interval 95%. Correlation coefficient was calculated between the heart rate and QT interval. AbstractElectrocardiographic studies were carried out in healthy adult buffaloes in Proddatur of Andhra Pradesh state in India. The electrocardiograms were recorded in standard base apex lead system. Duration and amplitude of the P, QRS complex and T wave and the PR, RR intervals, ST segment and heart rate were measured and averaged from successive beats. Mean heart rate was 61.175±0.8262 bpm. Mean amplitudes of the P, R and T waves was 0.186±0...

Trypanosoma evansi positive blood samples were collected from the dogs, multiplied in the wistar rats. Whole cell lysate antigen of Trypanosoma evansi parasites was prepared for further study by using the host cell free Trypanosoma evansi parasites. Study revealed a total of 13 polypeptide bands with relative molecular weight ranging from 25 to 82 kDa, when resolved in 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel ectrophoresis and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Four major polypeptides of relative molecular weight of 33, 36, 41, 43 kDa and remaining nine polypeptides were minor appeared at molecular weight of 25, 28, 38, 59, 66, 70, 72, 80, 82 kDa. There is no variation in the antigenic profile of all the samples which were collected from the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.

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Trypanosomosis is one of the fatal diseases in canines. Inappropriate usage of the trypanosomacidal drugs leads to development of the resistance organisms. Present communication report the successful treatment of the clinical trypanosomosis with two doses of injection diminazene aceturate at the rate of 3.5 mg per kg body weight intramuscularly. Two dogs with clinical trypanosomosis were noticed with the signs of fever; tachycardia and tachypnea congested mucus membranes, corneal opacity and enlarged lymph nodes. Dogs revealed lowered the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum total protein; albumin and glucose levels. Trypanosoma evansi organisms were noticed in the blood smears. The clinical and biochemical improvement was recorded in both the dogs and dogs were free from anemia after one month of therapy.Keywords: Anaemia; Trypanosoma evansi; Dog; Diminazene aceturate and micrometry it was confirmed as Trypanosoma evansi [5]. Haematological finding were in two dogs were as haemoglobin (6.6, 5.4g/dL), total erythrocyte count (3.4 X 10 6 , 3.1 X 10 6 µL), packed cell volume (18%, 17.4%) and higher total leucocyte count (9800, 11200/µL), neutrophils (42-38%), eosinophils (6-4%), lymphocytes (51,57%) and monocytes (1,1%). Biochemical findings were glucose (53,68mg/dL), total protein (5.43, 5.66mg/ dL), albumin (1.79, 1.62mg/dL), blood urea nitrogen (48.12, 56.60mg/dL) and creatinine (2.20, 2.86mg/dL). Recorded haemato-biochemical findings before and after therapy were presented in the Table 1. By the seventh day of treatment, clinical signs were disappeared and the parasites were not found in blood smears. The severity of canine trypanosomosis ranges from acute, subacute to chronic forms. In dogs an acute and fatal type is commonly seen and death possibly occurs in 2-4 weeks after infection. During the course of pathogenesis, organisms enter host cells after infection, multiplies sub-clinically, escapes the immune system and parasitemia develops within a few days and peaks 2 to 3 weeks post-infection [6]. During the chronic infection, progressive weakness, anorexia, anaemia, intermittent fever, conjunctivitis, swelling of limbs, enlarged superficial lymph nodes and bilateral corneal opacity are noticed [7]. Haemato-biochemical findings observed in the present study were in according with the previous studies and the anaemic changes are attributable to extra vascular destruction of red blood cell which may be through the process of erythrophagocytosis or metabolic product and toxins liberated from the parasites. Hypoglycaemia was noticed in these dogs and it is due to utilization of blood glucose by parasites in circulation. Observed reduced serum albumin levels were may be due to decreased liver biosynthesis and progressive loss of albumin in urine [4]. Due to tissue damage and kidney dysfunction, uremia and elevated creatinine levels were noticed in the present study [8]. Diminazene aceturate is the commonly used drug to control trypanosomosis in animals in Africa which have been in ...

Based on the history, clinical and laboratory examination of the blood smears, diagnosis of the bovine babesiosis was done in three calves. Calves showed fever, decreased milk and feed intake, tachypnea, tachycardia, haemoglobinuria and anemia. They were successfully treated with diminazene aceturate along with supportive therapy.

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Three goats were treated for mastitis with an antibiotic without success, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital. was yellowish colour watery consistent and devoid of flakes and clots. Milk was processed in Sabourauds dextrose agar and it revealed the presence of yeast. Animals were treated with fluconazole @ 5 mg/kg body weight intravenously for three days along with supportive therapy. After 9 -21 days of therapy, animals were free from abnormal milk.

A different number of modern molecular technologies, genomics and proteomics in applied areas of veterinary parasitology are increasing rapidly. To assess the molecular and genetic host parasitic interaction different advanced molecular tools are required and it is useful in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. The important molecular tool for identification and diagnosis of parasites is polymerase chain reaction as well as there are other so many applications. In genomics, species-specific probes or primers are available along with conventional techniques. These techniques will give more information on the DNA sequences of parasites will reveal many more unique sequences which can be used for identification, diagnosis of parasitic infections. Genomics is crucial for the assessment of evolutionary biology, molecular epidemiology, physiology of parasites and vaccine development. These techniques may also help in the selection of genetically resistant hosts to parasite infection and discovery of new antiparasitic drugs, improvements to existing chemotherapeutic families and monitoring of drug resistance. From the last decade utilization of the aspects of molecular biology and their applications increased and it is essential to teach and train the veterinary parasitologists.…