Appropriate animal models of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and drug reinforcement allow investigation of possible underlying biological bases of ADHD and its co-morbidity with cocaine addiction. Toward this end, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) exhibiting an ADHD phenotype were compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar (WIS) rats. Initially, 1.5 mg/kg oral methylphenidate or vehicle was administered between post-natal days 28–55 and acquisition of visual discrimination learning was examined. After discontinuing adolescent treatments, adult rats were evaluated for cocaine self-administration and dopamine transporter (DAT) function in prefrontal cortex and striatum. During adolescence, SHR showed deficits in visual discrimination relative to WKY and WIS when non-medicated. Methylphenidate improved visual discrimination only in SHR. Compared to WKY and WIS, SHR with prior methylphenidate treatment acquired cocaine self-administration fastest, identified cocaine as a highly efficacious reinforcer by displaying an upward shift in the cocaine dose-response function, and showed the greatest motivation to self-administer cocaine by exhibiting the highest progressive ratio breakpoints. In prefrontal cortex, maximal dopamine uptake (Vmax) at DAT was decreased in SHR and increased in WKY and WIS by prior methylphenidate treatment. Affinity (Km) for dopamine at DAT in prefrontal cortex was not different between strains, nor was Vmax or Km altered in striatum by prior methylphenidate treatment in any strain. Methylphenidate-induced decreases in dopamine clearance by DAT in prefrontal cortex may underlie increased cocaine self-administration in SHR. These preclinical findings suggest that caution should be exercised when methylphenidate is prescribed for first-time treatment of ADHD in adolescent patients, as cocaine addiction vulnerability may be augmented.

This article explores changing water (in)securities in a context of urbanization and climate change in the peri-urban spaces of four South-Asian cities: Khulna (Bangladesh), Gurugram and Hyderabad (India), and Kathmandu (Nepal). As awareness of water challenges like intensifying use, deteriorating quality and climate change is growing, water security gets more scientific and policy attention. However, in peri-urban areas, the dynamic zones between the urban and the rural, it remains under-researched, despite the specific characteristics of these spaces: intensifying flows of goods, resources, people, and technologies; diversifying uses of, and growing pressures on land and water; and complex and often contradictory governance and jurisdictional institutions. This article analyses local experiences of water (in-)security, conflict and cooperation in relation to existing policies. It uses insights from the analysis of the case studies as a point of departure for a critical reflection on whether a 'community resilience' discourse contributes to better understanding these cases of water insecurity and conflict, and to better policy solutions. The authors argue that a community resilience focus risks neglecting important insights about how peri-urban water insecurity problems are experienced by peri-urban populations and produced or reproduced in specific socioeconomic , political and policy contexts. Unless supported by in-depth hydro-social research, such a focus may depoliticize basically political questions of water (re) allocation, prioritization, and access for marginalized groups. Therefore, the authors plead for more critical awareness among researchers and policy-makers of the consequences of using a 'community resilience' discourse for making sense of peri-urban water (in-)security. Key policy insights. There is an urgent need for more (critical) policy and scientific attention to periurban water insecurity, conflict, and climate change.. Although a changing climate will likely play a role, more attention is needed to how water insecurities and vulnerabilities in South Asia are socially produced.. Researchers and policy-makers should avoid using depoliticized (community) resilience approaches for basically socio-political problems.

Collective empowerment: A comparative study of community work in Mumbai and Stockholm Mumbai and Stockholm are worlds apart in terms of public services, infrastructures and standard of living. However, both cities have known common problems of social exclusion and marginalisation related to neo-liberal globalisation. Social workers are facing similar challenges regarding collective empowerment as a strategy for community work. This comparative study explored how collective empowerment is undertaken by community workers. The research participants were 13 informants from community-work organisations in the two settings. Semi-structured interviews were used and were analysed with the help of Atlas-ti 6.2 (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH D-10623 Berlin Germany). Social work in Mumbai is in a context of extreme poverty and mainly within the informal sector, whereas in Stockholm most social work is done in relation to a public welfare model. In Stockholm, interventions are aimed towards strengthening social networks, without direct aim at social change. In Mumbai, community workers organise people for collective empowerment to strengthen marginalised groups and achieve social change.

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The peri-urban areas of large metropolises have, in recent years, become favoured sites for private investments inflows and are consequently experiencing rapid land transfers from agriculture to the nonagricultural sector. There have been concerns that such land transfers have not yielded gainful employment uniformly for those facing livelihood displacements. The overarching question that this article addresses is that, given the larger contexts of deceleration of women's work participation rates in the country and the transient nature of the peri-urban spaces, does the urban-centric growth process in the peri-urban areas offer women with better opportunities emerging out of the process of urbanization, or does it expose them to new vulnerabilities not observed in other regions? The article, by and large, confirms the latter hypothesis and concludes that in spite of evidences of economic spillover effects from the urban core to these spaces, the benefits get distributed unevenly in terms of employment, particularly when seen through a gendered lens. 新自由主义环境下城郊区域工作空间的性别排斥：借鉴印度特大城市的经验近年来特大城市的近郊地区成为私人投资流入的热点地区，并因此经历着土地从农业快速转移 到非农业用途的过程。已经有人担心这样的土地转让并没有给那些面临生计变化的人们提供同 样的有酬就业岗位。本文探讨的主要问题是，在全国妇女参加工作的比例降低和城郊空间具有 临时性这样一个大背景下，试问城郊地区的城市向心生长过程是否为妇女提供了更好的在城市 化进程中出现的机会，还是把她们暴露在其他地区没有发现的新隐患中？总的来说，本文证实 了后一项假设，并得出结论，尽管有证据表明经济效益从城市核心溢出到了上述城郊空间，但 在就业方面带来的好处分布不均，特别是考虑到性别差异的时候。 Keywords Peri-urban areas, gender, employment, large metropolitan centres, urban-centric growth, India Article Environment and Urbanization AsIA 7(1) 76-92

Ashram Schools (ASs) were set up with the long-term objective of the educational upliftment of Scheduled Tribe (ST) children in India. However, the objective is far from being met and the lack of infrastructure as well as teaching capacity in these schools is hampering the progress of tribal children in many ASs. This article attempts to document the functioning of ASs and tries to assess the quality of education received by the ST children in central and eastern India. In this endeavour, an attempt has been made to look at the infrastructure, staffing, amenities and the quality of curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities. In its methodology, the article deals with explanatory research design; survey and evaluative design were allowed to access the functioning of ASs. On the basis of the findings of the data collected from 13 ASs, the connection between lack of quality in education and obstructions in the road to tribal development becomes clearer.

Labour migration has significant multiple impacts for Sri Lanka, where migrant remittances have massively increased over time. In the light of changing migrant worker dynamics, including state involvement in virtually exporting people, this article examines various trends of labour migration and then specifically analyses remittance inflows and their economic impacts in Sri Lanka between 1970 and 2015. Our findings confirm the increasing importance of remittances as a source of external financing, with considerable impetus for domestic economic growth, related development policies and gender issues. The conclusions make some suggestions to safeguard future remittance inflows to Sri Lanka.