The study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical, microbial and organoleptic qualities of cooked ground buffalo meat (GBM), treated with, 1, 1.5 and 2% levels of aqueous solution of crude extract of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves. The meat samples treated with 1.5% crude extract of drumstick leaves significantly (P < 0.05) improved meat pH and water holding capacity (WHC) and lowered cooking loss and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value as compared to control and other treated samples. Microbial load in terms of Total Plate Count (TPC) was found to be decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in treated samples. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed in juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability scores between the treated meat samples.
Epizootic shell disease (ESD) is causing major losses to the lobster fishery in southern New England. Potential pathogens have been identified in lesion communities, but there are currently no efficient means of detecting and quantifying their presence. A qPCR assay was developed for a key potential pathogen, Aquimarina macrocephali subsp. homaria found to be ubiquitous in ESD lesions but not the unaffected integument. Application of the assay to various samples demonstrated that A. macrocephali subsp. homaria is ubiquitous and abundant in lobster lesions, commonly associated with healthy surfaces of crabs and is scarce in water and sediment samples from southern New England suggesting the affinity of this microorganism to the Arthropod integument. The qPCR assay developed here can be applied in future in vivo and in vitro studies to better understand the ecology and role of A. macrocephali subsp.homaria. in shell disease.
This paper provides a detailed evaluation of the impact that field source water chemistry has on the performance of friction reducers being used for hydraulic fracturing. In this research, correlations are established between friction reducer performance and source water chemical composition, allowing operators to shorten the learning curve within their fracturing operations, use the most appropriate fluid systems, and potentially mitigate job failures.
Extensive testing has been conducted to evaluate friction reducer performance in the presence of different ionic components such as calcium, magnesium, iron and chloride. Performance testing was determined by varying individual ions, as well as using source waters from multiple field locations having total dissolved solid (TDS) levels of well over 100,000 ppm. Testing parameters included friction reduction, hydration rate via viscosity, and rheological characterization for viscosifying-type friction reducers. Principal component analysis was used as statistical tool to characterize the variation in water chemistry and to establish its relationship with friction reducer performance.
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