Foam expansion and foam stability of the bael (Aegle marmelos L.) fruit pulp foam was studied. Foams were prepared from various pulp concentrations (PC) by adding different concentration of glycerol monostearate (GMS) and methyl cellulose (MC) at different whipping time (WT). Response surface methodology was used to predict the foam stability and expansion. Thirty experiments were carried out using a central composite rotatable design with four independent variables (GMS, MC, PC, and WT). Second-order polynomial equations were developed after removing insignificant terms for predicting foam expansion (R 2 =0.85) and stability (R 2 =0.95). The optimum conditions achieved after the numerical and graphical optimization for maximum foam expansion and stability was: GMS (3.10 g/100 g pulp), MC (0.32 g/100 g pulp), PC (13.2°Bx), and WT (2 min). The desirability of 0.712 was achieved at this optimum point. The predicted values of foam density and foam drainage volume were 0.658 gcm −3 and 1.75 mL, respectively, at optimum parameters while the experimental values were 0.635± 0.02 gcm −3 and 1.75±0.12 mL, respectively.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop FT‐NIR technique for determination of moisture content in bael pulp.Design/methodology/approachCalibration and validation sets were designed for the conception and evaluation of the method adequacy in the range of moisture content 70 to 95 per cent (wb). The prediction models based on partial least squares (PLS) regression, were developed in the near‐infrared region (4,000‐2,500cm‐1). Conventional criteria such as the R2, the root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV), root mean square errors of estimation (RMSEE) as well as the number of PLS factors were considered for the selection of three pre‐processing (vector normalization, minimum‐maximum normalization and multiplicative scatter correction) methods.FindingsThe best calibration model was developed with min‐max normalization (MMN) spectral pre‐processing (R2=99.3). The MMN pre‐processing method was found most suitable and the maximum coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.993 was obtained for the calibration model developed. The developed results indicated that FTNIR spectroscopy could be used for rapid detection of moisture content in bael pulp samples without any sample destruction.Originality/valueThe research in this paper is useful for the quick detection of moisture content of bael fruit pulp during processing.

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