Temporal changes in soil C content vary as a result of complex interactions among different factors including climate, baseline soil C levels, soil texture, and agricultural management practices. The study objectives were: to estimate the changes in soil total C contents that occurred in the past 18 to 21 yr in soils under agricultural management and in never‐tilled grassland in southwest Michigan; to explore the relationships between these changes and soil properties, such as baseline C levels and soil texture; and to simulate C changes using a system approach model (SALUS). The data were collected from two long‐term experiments established in 1986 and 1988. Georeferenced samples were collected from both experiments before establishment and then were resampled in 2006 and 2007. The studied agricultural treatments included the conventional chisel‐plow and no‐till management systems with and without N fertilization and the organic chisel‐plow management with cover crops. Total C was either lost in the conventional chisel‐plowed systems or was only maintained at the 1980s levels by the conservation management systems. The largest loss in the agricultural treatments was 4.5 Mg ha−1 total C observed in the chisel‐plow system without N fertilization. A loss of 17.3 Mg ha−1 occurred in the virgin grassland soil. Changes in C content tended to be negatively related to baseline C levels. Under no‐till, changes in C were positively related to silt + clay contents. The SALUS predictions of soil C changes were in excellent agreement with the observed data for most of the agricultural treatments and for the virgin soil.
Studies on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant changes and their significance during myocardial injury have provided a new insight into the pathogenesis of heart disease. The heart failure subsequent to myocardial infarction may be associated with an antioxidant deficit as well as increased myocardial oxidative stress. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the combination of ferulic acid and ascorbic acid on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Induction of rats with isoproterenol (150 mg/kg body weight daily, i.p.) for 2 days resulted in a marked elevation in lipid peroxidation, serum marker enzymes (LDH, CPK, GOT, and GPT), and a significant decrease in activities of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, GPx, GST, CAT, and GSH). Pre-co-treatment with the combination of ferulic acid (20 mg/kg body weight/day) and ascorbic acid (80 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 6 days, significantly attenuated these changes when compared to the individual treatment groups. Histopathological observations were also in correlation with the biochemical parameters. Thus, ferulic acid and ascorbic acid significantly counteracted the pronounced oxidative stress effect of ISO by the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, restoration of antioxidant status, and myocardial marker enzymes levels. In conclusion, these findings indicate the synergistic protective effect of ferulic acid and ascorbic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system during ISO-induced myocardial infarction and associated oxidative stress in rats.
The present study aims at evaluating the effect of the combination of ferulic acid and ascorbic acid on isoproterenol-induced abnormalities in lipid metabolism. The rats were divided into eight groups: Control, isoproterenol, ferulic acid alone, ascorbic acid alone, ferulic acidπascorbic acid, ferulic acidπisoproterenol, ascorbic acidπisoproterenol and ferulic acidπascorbic acidπisoproterenol. Ferulic acid (20 mg/kg b.w.t.) and ascorbic acid (80 mg/kg b.w.t.) both alone and in combination was administered orally for 6 days and on the fifth and the sixth day, isoproterenol (150 mg/kg b.w.t.) was injected intraperitoneally to induce myocardial injury to rats. Induction of rats with isoproterenol resulted in a significant increase in the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, free and ester cholesterol in both serum and cardiac tissue. A rise in the levels of phospholipids, lipid peroxides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol was also observed in the serum of isoproterenol-intoxicated rats. Further, a decrease in the level of high density lipoprotein in serum and in the phospholipid levels, in the heart of isoproterenol-intoxicated rats was observed, which was paralleled by abnormal activities of lipid metabolizing enzymes: total lipase, cholesterol ester synthase, lipoprotein lipase and lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase. Pre-cotreatment with the combination of ferulic acid and ascorbic acid significantly attenuated these alterations and restored the levels to near normal when compared to individual treatment groups. Histopathological observations were also in correlation with the biochemical parameters. These findings indicate the synergistic protective effect of ferulic acid and ascorbic acid on isoproterenol-induced abnormalities in lipid metabolism.
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