It is true that the developments in material sciences along with the improvements in various aspects of technology involved in transforming materials into products, over the years, have been responsible for making many of the impossible-looking devices possible. It is also a fact that the demand for a new, improved and better material has never ended; in fact it has been increasing to a greater degree and with bigger dimensions than ever before, especially in recent times. As a matter of fact, for certain advanced applications, the need for efforts to have new materials can never be over emphasized; for example, in the area of biomedical devices such as intraocular lens (IOL). The advances in the field of bio-medical applications require the materials of high quality meeting stringent norms of performance. For implants such as the ones like IOL used for correction of vision of the eyes, besides the quality and performance of materials, biocompatibility is an issue of major concern. The material scientists have been working on the development of materials for IOLs targeting the needs arising out of the developing countries. The challenges include not only to bring down the cost of the materials used for IOLs but also to increase the biocompatibility of IOLs. For making the development process easy and bringing the state-of-the- art of knowledge to those looking for new materials, it is thought necessary to review various facets of IOLs in the present paper. Not only the aspects related to the recent developments in biomedical devices of eye care but also related to the properties of available materials vis a vis the deficiencies in properties of existing materials have been covered in this review. The aim has been to bring out the gap areas at various levels of process of product chain starting from the monomer to polymer, blank to IOL, insertion of IOL into eyes to life cycle of IOLs, mainly to provide certain possible and feasible leads to meet the challenges of making new and more biocompatible materials.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KAP) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation and slow cooling techniques. The growth procedure like temperature cooling rate, evaporation rate, solution pH, concentration of the solute, supersaturation ratio etc., has been varied to have optically transparent crystals. Efforts were made to dope the KAP crystals with rubidium, sodium and lithium ions. The dopant concentration has been varied from 0.01 to 10 mole percent. Good quality single crystals were grown with different concentrations of dopants in the mother phase. Depending on the concentration of the dopants and the solution pH value, there is modification of habit. Rubidium ions very much improve the growth on the prismatic faces. The transparency of the crystals is improved with rubidium and sodium doping. The role of the dopants on the non-linear optical performance of KAP indicates better efficiency for doped crystals. The grown crystals were characterized with XRD, FT-IR, chemical etching, Vickers microhardness and SHG measurements. The influence of the dopants on the optical, chemical, structural, mechanical and other properties of the KAP crystals was analysed.
Silver nanoparticles are known to have antimicrobial activity. The green synthesis method of nanoparticle synthesis is one of the most cost effective and eco friendly method. The present study is based on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the self reduction of silver nitrate by the leaf extracts of Vitex negundo which is one of the novel methods used in developing nanoparticles. The characterization of the particle was done by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction analysis and the size of the synthesized nanoparticle was analyzed in the Scanning Electron Microscopy. The size of the particle was found to be 56 nm. The obtained silver nanoparticles showed anti-microbial activity against E.coli and Klebsiella pneumonia.
Vignesh, T.S.; Suja, C.P., and Geetha, S., 2019. Fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds using marine bioactive materials for diverse applications. In: Jithendran, K.P.; Saraswathy, R.; Balasubramanian, C.P.; Kumaraguru Vasagam, K.P.; Jayasankar, V.; Raghavan, R.; Alavandi, S.Scaffolds are polymeric matrices employed in delivering cells and drugs into human body. The scaffold matrices can be fabricated using natural or chemical polymers. In the present study, natural polymers and biomineralized materials extracted from marine sources have been used in the fabrication of the scaffolds. Marine biomaterials are highly biocompatible and they have been used for medicinal purposes. Hence the study focuses on fabricating a novel molluscan nacre incorporated scaffold, using biomaterials like -carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii, collagen from Sepia lycidas and chitosan from shrimp shell by freeze-drying method. Due to the osteogenic and dermal regeneration properties of nacre, this novel scaffold can be used for tissue engineering applications. The extracted natural polymers used in fabricating the scaffolds were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR analysis of the sulfated polysaccharide -carrageenan showed strong absorbance peaks along 926 cm -1 and 1250 cm -1 which correspond to 3,6 anhydro-d-galactose and sulphur bonds respectively whereas the deacetylated polysaccharide chitosan showed peaks along the 3428 cm -1 and 1635 cm -1 corresponding to OH groups and secondary amine groups. FTIR analysis of collagen exhibited characteristic peaks along 3432 cm -1 and 1641 cm -1 indicating the presence of the amine groups and hydrogen bonds. The structural morphology of the fabricated scaffold has been analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). These scaffolds have wide scope in diverse areas and will be a useful model of 3D cell culture for engineering edible meat, tissues and organs. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: 3D cell culture, edible meat, marine biomaterials, nacre, scaffold, tissue engineering.
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