BackgroundGlobally, the number of internet users has crossed the three-billion mark, while in India users grew over 17% in the first 6 months of 2015 to 354 million. This study presented a background on internet use and the existence of excessive internet use.AimTo study the extent of internet use in 11th and 12 grade students and the psychopathology, if any, associated with excessive internet use.Methods426 students who met the inclusion criteria were recruited from 11th and 12th grade classes from Kendriya Vidyalaya, New Delhi, India, and were assessed by Young’s Internet Addiction Test and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire.ResultsAmong the 426 students, the mean internet addiction total score was 36.63 (20.78), which indicated mild level of internet addiction. 1.41% (six students) was diagnosed as excessive internet users, while 30.28% and 23.94% were classified as moderate and mild internet users, respectively. The prevalence of internet addiction between gender was 58.22% in males and 41.78% in females. While both positive (prosocial) and negative (hyperactivity, emotional, conduct and peer problem) impacts of internet use were reported by students, in the current study excessive use of internet had a negative impact on students’ lives as compared with positive impact, which was statistically significant (p<0.0001).ConclusionExcessive internet use led to abnormal behaviours which cause negative consequences to users. Early diagnosis of risk factors related to excessive internet use, provides education about responsible use and supervision of students by family members.
Objective:
HIV virtually affects every organ system of the body. The skeletal system is no exception, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been implicated in bone diseases. However, not many studies have been done to evaluate bone disease in treatment (ART) naive HIV-infected patients, and hence, the present study was executed.
Materials and Methods:
One hundred and twenty HIV-infected ART-naive patients and 80 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited for this study. A thorough history and physical examination was done followed by laboratory investigations after an overnight fasting. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan at the level of lumbar spine, femur, and forearm.
Results:
Of 120 ART-naive HIV-infected cases, the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 13% and 41%, respectively, as compared to 0% and 17.5% in controls (
P
< 0.001). The mean BMD in cases was 0.842 g/cm
2
which was approximately 25% lesser than that in controls. Hypovitaminosis-D was seen in 100% of cases as compared to 65% of controls (
P
< 0.01). A significant association of low BMD was seen with HIV-infection
per se
(
P
< 0.001), low CD4 cell counts (
P
< 0.001), low Vitamin D levels (
P
< 0.001), long duration of disease (
P
< 0.04), history of opportunistic infections (
P
< 0.03), and history of tuberculosis in the past (
P
< 0.05).
Conclusion:
Bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteopenia characterized by low BMD are very common in HIV-infected patients. Virus
per se
, along with low CD4 cell counts and low Vitamin D levels are major predictors of pathological fractures in these individuals.
A hypertensive elderly male on amlodipine presented with a palpable purpuric rash on both legs followed by shoulder, buttocks, and back with foot ulcer, which was found to be leukocytoclastic vasculitis on skin biopsy. The patient recovered completely on discontinuation of amlodipine and short-term steroid.
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