The aponeurosis insertion is either to the skin, the subcutaneous tissue or into the interfascicular space of the orbicularis. The present study reaffirms the insertion of LPS to the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid with an extension reaching lower one third of the tarsal plate. The tissues in the anterior tarsal plate are closely packed but to act as a single complex to form a dynamic crease has not been confirmed in the study. No gross or histological difference was observed in the skin of the eyelid in the vicinity of the crease. The pattern of insertion of LPS aponeurosis plays a direct role in the formation of superior palpebral crease an important role in surgeries for Ptosis. The eyelids studied were of Indian origin with crease, and further comparative studies needs to be done for the precise anatomical explanation of single fold eyelids.
Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) are congenital anomalies of the lumbosacral spine causing sacralisation or lumbarisation. Sacralisation has been defined as an abnormality where one of the transverse processes of L5 vertebra may articulate or fuse with the sacrum. The sacralisation has been studied for almost a century for its association with low back pain as "Bertolotti Syndrome", but there are studies for and against its association. Castellvi in 1984 had propounded a radiographical classification identifying sacralisation in four sub types. Out of this, the Type IIA, is the least prevalent wherein there is a unilateral articulation of the L5 transverse process with the sacral ala. Inspite of the controversy, there is a high association of low back pain with disc degeneration, nerve root compression and degenerative facet joints observed with this condition. It is a widely researched vertebral anomaly for its anatomical, developmental and clinical ramifications.
Background: In both male and female fetuses inguinal canal development entails a complex sequence of anatomic events involving the gubernaculum and processus vaginalis. Much has been written about the embryological development of the genital system, particularly the male genital system and the descent of the testes from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. In this process, the gubernaculum plays a relevant although still unclear role. Despite all the studies that have been performed, controversy still exists in this anatomical region.Methods: Twenty round ligaments of uterus were dissected from female fetuses and microscopic structure was studied under light microscope using haematoxylin and eosin stain. The specimens were collected from female fetuses (8wks-26wks). One male fetus was also dissected.Results: Gubernaculum plays a crucial role in the development of the inguinal region. The gubernaculum is directly associated with the migration of the testis through the inguinal canal and probably to the scrotum; but the inguinal canal is present before testicular descent and females have both an inguinal canal and gubernaculum, although the ovaries do not migrate through the abdominal wall.Conclusions: In this anatomical region, and despite all the studies that have been performed, controversy still exists. This article attempts to study the morphology and histology and the differentiation of the gubernaculum with age.
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