Smallflower umbrella sedge is one of the problematic weeds in direct-seeded rice in India. Bispyribac-sodium (acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicide) is a commonly used in rice, but recently growers have reported lack of smallflower umbrella sedge control with this herbicide. An extensive survey was carried out in two rice growing states, Chhattisgarh and Kerala, where 53 putative bispyribac-sodium resistant (BR) biotypes were collected. Studies were conducted to confirm resistance to bispyribac-sodium and to test the efficacy of newly developed synthetic auxin herbicide florpyrauxifen-benzyl on putative BR biotypes. Whole-plant bioassay revealed that bispyribac-sodium is no longer effective. Of 53 putative BR biotypes, 17 biotypes survived recommended label rate of 25 g ai ha−1. Effective bispyribac-sodium rate required to control 50% of the plants in most of the BR biotypes (ED50) ranged from 19 to 96 g ha−1 whereas it was 10 g ha−1 in susceptible biotype. In two highly resistant biotypes, ED50 was beyond the maximum tested rate, 200 g ha−1. This suggests 2 to >20-fold resistance in BR biotypes. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme activity assay suggests altered target site as mechanism of resistance to bispyribac-sodium. This study confirms the first case of evolved resistance in smallflower umbrella sedge for bispyribac-sodium in India. However, the newly developed synthetic auxin, florpyrauxifen-benzyl effectively controlled all BR biotypes at the field use rate 31.25 g ae ha−1.
The coalescence of organoleptic traits viz., pleasant aroma, cooked rice texture, and taste make aromatic rice unique and distinguished from non-aromatic rice. Aromatic rice is cultivated in every rice growing country; with each country has its own indigenous collection. International trade of rice is dominated by Indica (long grained), Japonica (short grained), aromatic rice (Basmati and Jasmine) and glutinous rice; amidst which, Basmati types from India and Pakistan; and Jasmine types from Thailand have phenomenal demand. In India all types of aromatic rice are cultivated based on Kernel length; short, medium, long and very long grained. Basmati varieties own the major market, while other types of aromatic rice besides Basmati are popular in local market only. The country inherits rich diversity of aromatic rice germplasm; with more than 300 different types, each of the rice growing states of India has its own locally popular aromatic rice varieties. India a country where two third of its population consume rice as part of their daily food; aromatic rice always remain their favorite. Basmati, by virtue of its excellent qualities it dominates both national and international market. Every year, Basmati ranks first in respect of foreign exchange earned from the export of agricultural products from India (APEDA). The phenomenal demand and export figures have augmented Basmati Breeding program. However, only few aromatic varieties are cultivated depending on their demand, and their breeding program is also limited. In India, Basmati has over-shadowed other types of aromatic rice in market and in plant breeding programs too. Breeding for Basmati varieties is undertaken by prime agricultural institutions of India. The country regulates quality standards and development of Basmati varieties with the help of Export of Basmati Rice (Quality Control and Inspection) Rules 2003; Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA); and Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF). However, no such initiatives have been taken to promote the development of other aromatic rice varieties of India besides Basmati.
Bispyribac-sodium which is an acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicide is a frequently used herbicide for the control of weeds in rice fields of India including the most common noxious weed barnyardgrass. However, recently rice growers reported reduced control of barnyardgrass with bispyribac-sodium. Hence, a large-scale survey was carried out and collected 37 putative barnyardgrass biotypes for bispyribac-sodium resistance in two rice growing states Chhattisgarh and Kerala. Open field pot experiments were conducted for two years to confirm the resistance in those biotypes. Of the tested 37 biotypes, 30% of the biotypes (11) survived recommended label rate of bispyribac-sodium (25 g ai ha-1). The effective rate of bispyribac-sodium required to achieve 50% control (ED50) of putative resistant biotypes ranged from 18 to 41 g ha-1, whereas it was about 10 g ha-1 in susceptible biotypes. This suggests that putative biotypes were 2 to 4 times resistant to bispyribac-sodium. At 6 days after herbicide application, in-vitro enzyme assay showed higher ALS enzyme activity in putative resistant biotypes (66 to 75%) compared to susceptible biotypes (48 to 52%). This indicates insensitive ALS enzyme to bispyribac-sodium in those biotypes and target site mutation as possible mechanism for resistance. Whole-plant bioassay also suggested that the resistance problem is more widespread in Chhattisgarh than in Kerala state. This study confirmed the first case of evolved resistance in barnyardgrass to bispyribac-sodium in rice fields of India.
A Type II choledochal cyst arising from the right hepatic duct may mimic a gall bladder duplication. Both are rare and may not get differentiated before operative exploration. While a magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) may be helpful, laparoscopy may be the final tool for evaluation and effective surgical treatment. We report such a case of a 22-year-old male whose MRCP was suggestive of a cystic lesion in the gall bladder fossa and was taken up for surgery with a pre-operative diagnosis of gall bladder duplication with a single cystic duct. He underwent elective laparoscopic evaluation, mobilisation, discerning of anatomy and diagnosis, excision of cyst and concomitant cholecystectomy. This case highlights that these two rare entities can mimic each other on imaging; however, a laparoscopic approach serves the dual purpose of diagnosing and treating this unique pathoanatomical entity.
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