The mathematical modelling and dynamics optimization of cholera disease spread are discussed. The proposed SEIQR (Susceptible-Educated-Infected-Quarantined-Recovered) type model takes into account the bacterial concentration of the cholera spread dynamics. Three controls are considered to minimize the spread of cholera which are the treatment of quarantined populations and intervention efforts as a strategy in preventing the spread of disease through improved sanitation and education. Furthermore, the dynamics optimization problem is solved using the Pontryagin Minimum Principle method. The purpose is to decrease the populations of infected human populations and bacterial populations while minimizing the costs incurred for sanitation, educational and quarantine improvement. Numerical results are presented to show that the three controls can effectifely minimize the spread of cholera.
In this paper, the numerical study of designing on navigation and stability control system for AUV is studied. The study started by initiating hydrostatic forces, added masses, lift force, drag forces and thrust forces. Determining the hydrodynamic force which is the basic need to know the numerical case study on designing on navigation and stability control system for AUV where Autonomous Underwater vehicles (AUV). AUV is capably underwater vehicle in moving automatically without direct control by humans according to the trajectory. The result of numerical study is properly to be the reference for the next developing for AUV.
Limited land in the downtown area as well as the increasing amount of new activities centre causes residential development leads to North Balikpapan. This area is an urban fringe with vast protected forests as buffer zone and catchment area for the city and surrounding area. Land conversion in this area will increase hazard risk of inundation, water quality decrease and increased CO2 emissions. Therefore, development should be maintained environmental stability. One of the rights applicated approach is carbon footprint that is capable to measure the balance between production and absorption needs of CO2 emissions. To find the optimal land allocation, we used carbon footprint calculation from the household activities, identify the factors of settlement growth, and use Linear Programming analysis. Analysis’ results show that settlement activities in North Balikpapan produce 108.362,4 tCO2/year or equivalent with 618,50 Ha green space. Meanwhile, the development of settlement in North Balikpapan is affected by social demographic, developer initiative, environmental condition, public facilities availability, economical structure, and policy factors. According to those factors, optimal allocation of settlement area in North Balikpapan is only about 4,510.01 Ha. With that condition, it still able to absorb CO2 emissions from inside or outside the area around 2.751 tCO2/year.
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