Waste management and production of clean and affordable energy are two main challenges that our societies face. Food waste (FW), in particular, can be used as a feedstock for the production of ethanol because of its composition which is rich in cellulose, hemicellulose and starch. However, the cost of the necessary enzymes used to convert FW to ethanol remains an obstacle. The on-site production of the necessary enzymes could be a possible solution. In the present study, the multienzyme production by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum F3 under solid state cultivation using different agroindustrial residues was explored. Maximum amylase, glucoamylase, endoglucanase, b-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, xylanase, b-xylosidase and total cellulase titers on wheat bran (WB) were 17.8, 0.1, 65.2, 27.4, 3.5, 221.5, 0.7, 0.052 and 1.5 U/g WB respectively. F. oxysporum was used for the hydrolysis of FW and the subsequent ethanol production. To boost ethanol production, mixed F. oxysporum and S. cerevisiae cultures were also used. Bioethanol production by F. oxysporum monoculture reached 16.3 g/L (productivity 0.17 g/L/h), while that of the mixed culture was 20.6 g/L (productivity 1.0 g/L/h). Supplementation of the mixed culture with glucoamylase resulted in 30.3 g/L ethanol with a volumetric productivity of 1.4 g/L/h.
The earliest evidence of silk was found at the sites of Yangshao culture in Xia County, Shanxi, where a silk cocoon was found cut in half by a sharp knife, dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BCE. The species was identified as bombyx mori, the domesticated silkworm. Fragments of primitive loom can also be seen from the sites of Hemudu culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang, dated to about 4000 BCE. Scraps of silk were found in a Liangzhu culture site at Qianshanyang in Huzhou, Zhejiang, dating back to 2700 BCE. Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-c. 1046 BCE). During the later epoch, the Chinese lost their secret to the Koreans, the Japanese, and later the Indians, as they discovered how to make silk. Allusions to the fabric in the Old Testament show that it was known in western Asia in biblical times. Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BCE the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West. Silk was used, for example, by the Persian court and its king, Darius III, when Alexander the Great conquered the empire. Even though silk spread rapidly across Eurasia, with the possible exception of Japan its production remained exclusively Chinese for three millennia. According to FAO estimates, the world raw silk production for the year 2010 was 164971 tonnes [2]. Approximately 98% of the world's production is in Asia and especially in Eastern Asia (Figure 1). China is the leader in raw silk production followed by India (Table 1). Figure 1. Production of raw silk across Asia (FAO, 2010) Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing 234 Country Production (tonnes) Country Production (tonnes)
ABSTRACT:A commercial serine-type protease preparation (Alcalase) was examined as a scouring agent for cotton fabrics. Application of the enzyme induced moderate changes in the composition of fibers that were mainly associated with the removal of protein and waxes. The relationship between the compositional modifications and structural transformations, which were reflected in the crystallinity index of the bioscoured cotton fibers, was demonstrated. The protease-treated textiles displayed superior whiteness and outstanding compressional resilience but exhibited a poor hydrophilicity and dyeing capacity. One-step scouring at neutral conditions, where proteolytic activity was supported by multienzyme combinations, could generate textiles with sufficient water absorbency and advanced performance. The implementation of the appropriate scouring conditions (concentration and combination of enzymes) could form fabrics with the desired physicochemical and micromechanical properties.
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