If family therapists remain aware of the indivisible and recursive nature of their interactions with families, and if they use this awareness to form a collaborative rather than a hierarchical therapeutic system, and at the same time minimize their attempts to change persons or family structures in strategic or predetermined ways, then they may be said to be practicing a "second-order" family therapy. This article analyzes the development of the second-order position on therapist power and influence, concluding that it is inconsistent and possibly disingenuous.
In this review of the psychological study of creativity there are 4 emphases; products, process, measurement, and personality. 3 main issues concern questions of: definition and criteria, the process viewed temporally, and necessary personal and environmental conditions. The relationship between creativity and intelligence is discussed to illustrate the need for conceptual reorganization as well as correlational data. We should now be able to utilize personality and stylistic modes as criterion variables and to study how these factors are related at different age levels to behavior that is judged to be creative. This approach holds promise for providing a functional, developmental understanding of creativity.
This article offers a critical analysis of the convergence of two perspectives, constructivism and the cybernetics of cybernetics, as they affect the value placed upon description of family therapy. An analogy to the problem of describing interaction in family therapy is drawn from the history of the representation of reality in art. It is argued that (a) the "interactional approach" is incompatible with radical constructivism, and (b) "the shift from observed to observing systems" has resulted in an unnecessary devaluation of representational description of family interaction.
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