Sarcomas of the uterine corpus are rare malignant neoplasms, which are further classified into mesenchymal tumors, and mixed (epithelial plus mesenchymal) tumors. The main issues concerning these neoplasms are the small number of clinical trials, insufficient data from evidence-based medicine, insignificant interest from the pharmaceutical industry, all of which close a vicious circle. The low frequency of these malignancies implies insufficient experience in the diagnosis, hence incomplete surgical and complex treatment. Additionally, the rarity of these sarcomas makes it very difficult to develop clinical practice guidelines. Preoperative diagnosis, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemoradiation, target and hormone therapies still raise many controversies. Disagreements about the role and type of surgical treatment are also often observed in medical literature. There are still insufficient data about the role of pelvic lymph node dissection and fertility-sparing surgery. Pathologists’ experience is of paramount importance for an accurate diagnosis. Additionally, genetics examinations become part of diagnosis in some sarcomas of the uterine corpus. Some gene mutations observed in uterine sarcomas are associated with different outcomes. Therefore, a development of molecular classification of uterine sarcomas should be considered in the future. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of the following sarcomas of the uterine corpus: leiomyosarcoma, low- and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, undifferentiated sarcoma and adenosarcoma. Uterine carcinosarcomas are excluded as they represent an epithelial tumor rather than a true sarcoma.

Corona mortis " (CMOR) is a heterogeneous and often dubious term that causes much confusion in medical literature, especially in regard to its modern day significance in pelvic surgery. Some authors define CMOR as any abnormal anastomotic vessel between the external iliac and obturator vessels, whereas others define it as any vessel coursing over the superior pubic branch, regardless whether it is a vascular anastomosis, an accessory obturator vessels, an obturator vessel related to the external iliac system or a terminal small vessel. There is no standard classification of CMOR and obturator vessels variations, although there are multitudes of classifications describing the diverse variations in the obturator foramen region. We define accessory obturator, aberrant obturator vessels and CMOR as different structures, as CMOR is an anatomical term that reflects a clinical situation rather than an anatomical structure. A new clinical classification for aberrant, accessory obturator vessels and CMOR is proposed regarding the anatomical variations, and the location of vessels to the deep femoral ring. The clinical significance of accessory obturator, aberrant vessels and CMOR is delineated in oncogynecological and urogynecological surgery.

The term “spaces” refers to the areas delimited by at least two independent fasciae and filled with areolar connective tissue. However, there is discrepancy regarding the spaces and their limits between clinical anatomy and gynecologic surgery, as not every avascular space described in literature is delimited by at least two fasciae. Moreover, new spaces and surgical planes have been developed after the adoption of laparoscopy and nerve-sparing gynecological procedures. Avascular spaces are useful anatomical landmarks in retroperitoneal anatomic and pelvic surgery for both malignant and benign conditions. A noteworthy fact is that for various gynecological diseases, there are different approaches to the avascular spaces of the female pelvis. This is a significant difference, which is best demonstrated by dissection of these spaces for gynecological, urogynecological, and oncogynecological operations. Thorough knowledge regarding pelvic anatomy of these spaces is vital to minimize morbidity and mortality. In this article, we defined nine avascular female pelvic spaces—their boundaries, different approaches, attention during dissection, and applications in obstetrics and gynecology. We described the fourth space and separate the paravesical and pararectal space, as nerve-sparing gynecological procedures request a precise understanding of retroperitoneal spaces.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy is a common surgical procedure in gynecologic oncology. Pelvic lymph node dissection is performed for all types of gynecological malignancies to evaluate the extent of a disease and facilitate further treatment planning. Most studies examine the lymphatic spread, the prognostic, and therapeutic significance of the lymph nodes. However, there are very few studies describing the possible surgical approaches and the anatomical variations. Moreover, a correlation between anatomical variations and lymphadenectomy in the pelvic region has never been discussed in medical literature. The present article aims to expand the limited knowledge of the anatomical variations in the pelvis. Anatomical variations of the ureters, pelvic vessels, and nerves and their significance to pelvic lymphadenectomy are summarized, explained, and illustrated. Surgeons should be familiar with pelvic anatomy and its variations to safely perform a pelvic lymphadenectomy. Learning the proper lymphadenectomy technique relating to anatomical landmarks and variations may decrease morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, accurate description and analysis of the majority of pelvic anatomical variations may impact not only gynecological surgery, but also spinal surgery, urology, and orthopedics.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare and uncommon condition, characterized by the presence of mucinous ascites in the abdominal cavity. The most common cause of PMP is mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix, followed by neoplasms of the ovary, endocervix, fallopian tube, alimentary organs, urachus, urinary bladder, lung, mucinous cyst of the spleen, and breast.Herein, we report a case of a 64-year-old postmenopausal woman (gravida 2, para 2) who presented at the department of gynecology with a short history of nausea and abdominal distention. Abdominal and vaginal ultrasonography showed a large amount of free fluid in the pelvis with hyperechoic echogenicity and right pelvic tumor with mixed echogenicity. Computed tomography demonstrated the presence of a heterogeneous, hypodense mass, without contrast enhancement, located on the right side of the pelvis, near the right ovary. Laparotomy was performed. Revision of the abdominal cavity revealed a large amount of yellow gelatinous mucinous ascites -approximately 1.5 l. A tumor (6 x 7 cm in diameter), arising from the appendix and located in the pouch of Douglas near the right ovary, was observed. Histopathology examination revealed poorly differentiated mucinous appendiceal adenocarcinoma, comprising up to 50% signet ring cells.Gastrointestinal tumors such as appendiceal neoplasms combined with PMP may mimic ovarian carcinomas. Computed tomography, abdominal/vaginal ultrasonography and tumor marker levels (carcino-embryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19.9, carbohydrate antigen Ca-125) may establish the diagnosis.A differential diagnosis with appendiceal tumors should be considered for patients with right pelvic masses.

Almost all gynecological and general-surgical operations are – or can be – performed laparoscopically. In comparison to an abdominal approach, the minimally invasive access offers several advantages; however, laparoscopy (both conventional and robotic-assisted) can be associated with a number of approach-specific complications. Although the majority of them are related to the laparoscopic entry, adverse events may also occur due to the presence of pneumoperitoneum or the use of laparoscopic instruments. Unfortunately, a high proportion of complications (especially affecting the bowel and ureter) remain unrecognized during surgery. This narrative review provides comprehensive up-to-date information about definitions, classifications, risk factors and incidence of surgical complications in conventional and robotic-assisted laparoscopy, with a special focus on gynecology. The topic is discussed from various perspectives, e.g. in the context of stage of surgery, injured organs, involved instruments, and in relation to malpractice claims.

Uterus didelphys is a rare form of congenital anomaly of the Müllerian ducts. The clinical significance of this anomaly of the female reproductive tract is associated with various reproductive issues: increased risk of preterm birth before 37 weeks’ gestation, abnormal fetal presentation, delivery by caesarean section, intrauterine fetal growth restriction, low birth weight less than 2500 g, and perinatal mortality. We present three cases of uterus didelphys and full-term pregnancy, which resulted in favorable birth outcomes of live-born, full-term infants. In two of the cases, delivery was performed via Caesarean section: due to lack of labor activity in one of the cases and lack of response to oxytocin stimulation in the second case. The weight of two of the new-born infants was lower than expected for the gestational age.

Highlights Squamous vulvar cancer is often associated with human papillomavirus infection. Vulvar cancer located in the Bartholini gland area should be distinguished from Bartholini gland carcinoma. The “hit and run” theory states that the viral genome may disappear after the host cell accumulates numerous mutations. The “hit and run” theory suggests that viruses might cause more cancers than previously thought .