George Mosse's Europe has always been peopled by strange and powerful forces threatening to engulf its precious but fragile humanist heritage. His cultural history is animated by a complex but unabashed commitment to that heritage; his work over nearly the last 40 years has also made clear its radical precariousness. 2 The twentieth-century experience of totalitarianism and of genocide, the personal circumstance of becoming a refugee, 3 intertwined with an emerging acknowledgement and consciousness of his own minority sexual status, 4 have constrained Mosse to become perhaps the contemporary historian of the manifold strategies of inclusion and exclusion, of racism and stereotypes, outsiders and respectability, war, 'irrationalism' and mass murderousness in the modern age. He has throughout concerned himself with the deeper roots of nazism and its destruction of the Jews, always lifting it out of narrow, parochial contexts and linking it to wider -and usually unperceived -modalities of culture. Over the years the foci have become ever more broader, probing and daring. Viewed compositely, his work -always evolving and covering different aspects of the European experience -represents an unfolding vision of, and ongoing concern with, that continent's dialectic of
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