As the world moves toward electromobility and a concomitant decarbonization of its electrical supply, modern society is also entering a so-called fourth industrial revolution marked by a boom of electronic devices and digital technologies. Consequently, battery demand has exploded along with the need for ores and metals to fabricate them. Starting from such a critical analysis and integrating robust structural data, this review aims at pointing out there is room to promote organic-based electrochemical energy storage. Combined with recycling solutions, redox-active organic species could decrease the pressure on inorganic compounds and offer valid options in terms of environmental footprint and possible disruptive chemistries to meet the energy storage needs of both today and tomorrow. We review state-of-the-art developments in organic batteries, current challenges, and prospects, and we discuss the fundamental principles that govern the reversible chemistry of organic structures. We provide a comprehensive overview of all reported cell configurations that involve electroactive organic compounds working either in the solid state or in solution for aqueous or nonaqueous electrolytes. These configurations include alkali (Li/Na/K) and multivalent (Mg, Zn)-based electrolytes for conventional "sealed" batteries and redox-flow systems. We also highlight the most promising systems based on such various chemistries relying on appropriate metrics such as operation voltage, specific capacity, specific energy, or cycle life to assess the performances of electrodes. CONTENTS Sustainability and EnvironmentalAspects J 3.3. Positioning Redox-Active Organic Species in the Battery Landscape J 48 4. Fundamentals of Organic Electrode Compounds 49 for Electrochemical Storage K 50 4.1. Basics of Electrochemical Cells K 51 4.2. Bridging the Gap between Inorganic and 52 Organic Redox Chemistry M 53 4.3. Reversible Organic Redox Chemistry and 54 Cell Configurations N 55 5. Performances of Nonaqueous Lithium−Organic 56 Batteries O 57 5.1. Positioning the Operation Voltage O 58 5.2. Organic Electrode Materials with High 59 Specific Capacity V 60 5.3. Organic Electrode Materials with Long Cycle 61 Life X 62 6. Performances of Nonaqueous Sodium−Organic 63 Batteries Y 64 6.1. High/Low Voltage Organic Electrode Mate-65 rials and Hybrid/All-Organic High Output 66 Voltage Na-Ion Batteries Z 67 6.2. Organic Electrode Materials with High 68 Specific Capacity AD

We here report on the synthesis, optimization, and biological characterization of leucettines, a family of kinase inhibitors derived from the marine sponge leucettamine B. Stepwise synthesis of analogues starting from the natural structure, guided by activity testing on eight purified kinases, led to highly potent inhibitors of CLKs and DYRKs, two families of kinases involved in alternative pre-mRNA splicing and Alzheimer's disease/Down syndrome. Leucettine L41 was cocrystallized with CLK3. It interacts with key residues located within the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase. Leucettine L41 inhibits the phosphorylation of serine/arginine-rich proteins (SRp), a family of proteins regulating pre-RNA splicing. Indeed leucettine L41 was demonstrated to modulate alternative pre-mRNA splicing, in a cell-based reporting system. Leucettines should be further explored as pharmacological tools to study and modulate pre-RNA splicing. Leucettines may also be investigated as potential therapeutic drugs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in diseases involving abnormal pre-mRNA splicing.

Pyromellitic diimide dilithium salt was selected to complete our database on redox-active polyketones with a N-cyclic structure. Although never reported to date, such a lithiated salt was readily synthesized making its electrochemical evaluation in a Li battery possible. Preliminary data show that this novel material reversibly inserts two Li per formula unit at a relatively low potential giving a stable capacity value of 200 mAh g(-1).

The routine access to electricity always means a drastic change in terms of quality of life making it easier and safer. Consequently, the global electric demand both on and off-the-grid is growing and calls for ongoing innovation to promote reliable, clean and safe power supplies. In this context, the development of new chemistries for batteries and fuel cells could play a critical role. From our prospects aiming at fostering the concept of sustainable organic batteries, we report in this article on the peculiar properties of dilithium (2,5-dilithium-oxy)-terephthalate salt, a novel redox-active material. Based on an oriented retrosynthetic analysis, we have succeeded in elaborating this organic electrode material through an original and low-polluting synthesis scheme, which includes both chemical and biochemical CO 2 sequestration in conjunction with a closed-loop solution for recycling products. Beyond its remarkable electrochemical performance vs. Li, especially as a lithiated cathode material, this compound behaves also like an oxygen scavenger. This dual electrochemical/chemical reactivity makes the selfrecharging of a Li cell based on this organic salt possible by opening it to air ensuring an electrical power reserve when a conventional electrical recharge is not possible. In such a case, the pristine rechargeable Li-organic battery operates as a sort of "Li/O 2 fuel cell". Broader contextAlthough current Li-ion battery technology represents a promising power source for advanced electric vehicles and portable electronic devices, their own environmental burden could be considerable for development on a large scale since metal-based electrode materials are typically used. Electrodes based on organic molecules could potentially provide an alternative way to promote "greener" secondary batteries. Additionally, if properly designed, such organic materials can be generated from renewable resources (biomass). In this article, a novel and efficient lithiated organic structure has been designed and synthesized through a green and innovative function-oriented synthesis. Beyond its remarkable electrochemical performance vs. Li as a cathode material, its amazing oxidation ability in air makes self-rechargeability of the cell in an open conguration possible. This reactivity could open up new possibilities in the eld of emergency power supplies for electrical devices.

Dilithium benzenedipropiolate was prepared and investigated as a potential negative electrode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries. In addition to the expected reduction of its carbonyls, this material can reduce and reversibly oxidize its unsaturated carbon−carbon bonds leading to a Li/C ratio of 1/1 and a specific capacity as high as 1363 mAh g −1 : the highest ever reported for a lithium carboxylate. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the lithiation is preferential on the propiolate carbons.

Increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of lithium sources, due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase, have raised awareness of the importance of developing alternative energy-storage candidates that can sustain the ever-growing energy demand. Furthermore, limitations on the availability of the transition metals used in the manufacturing of cathode materials, together with questionable mining practices, are driving development towards more sustainable elements. Given the uniformly high abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium, as well as its very suitable redox potential (close to that of lithium), sodium-ion battery technology offers tremendous potential to be a counterpart to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in different application scenarios, such as stationary energy storage and low-cost vehicles. This potential is reflected by the major investments that are being made by industry in a wide variety of markets and in diverse material combinations. Despite the associated advantages of being a drop-in replacement for LIBs, there are remarkable differences in the physicochemical properties between sodium and lithium that give rise to different behaviours, for example, different coordination preferences in compounds, desolvation energies, or solubility of the solid–electrolyte interphase inorganic salt components. This demands a more detailed study of the underlying physical and chemical processes occurring in sodium-ion batteries and allows great scope for groundbreaking advances in the field, from lab-scale to scale-up. This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in academia and industry of the current state of the art in 2021 and the different research directions and strategies currently underway to improve the performance of sodium-ion batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges and opportunities, from the fundamental properties to the practical applications of this technology.

International audiencePursuing the electrochemical evaluation vs. Li of carbonyl-based cyclic structures deriving from the oxocarbon family, polyketones with N-cyclic structure are investigated to probe the potential modifications. In this communication, we specifically report on the electrochemical investigation of our first selected family of heterocycles based on the 2,3,5,6-tetraketopiperazine unit. Working in a systematic way, a series of tetraketopiperazine molecules with quite different R groups as substituents (i.e., phenyl, allyl and propyl functions) have been synthesized and characterized. Such small molecules were found to rapidly solubilise in commonly used electrolytes. To bypass this issue, we have prepared an oligomeric form via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET). Preliminary results on the poly-N,N'-diallyl-2,3,5,6-tetraketopiperazine oligomer show a sustained reversible capacity of 110 mAh/g at near 2.45 V. The insight gained from this work is the fact that two intracyclic nitrogen atoms or a lithiated ene-diolate functionality in the C6-based polyketone cyclic structure induces a similar tuning of the redox potential

Dilithium benzenediacrylate was prepared and investigated as an example of a readily available organic electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Its poor conductive properties were overcome by a method of carbon-coating in the liquid state, resulting in enhanced cycling performance, displaying a reversible capacity of 180 mA h g(-1).