The potential role of stem cells in neoplasia is a subject of recent interest. Three markers of melanocytic stem cells have been described recently. CD166 is expressed on the surface of mesenchymal stem cells and has been found on human melanoma cell lines. CD133 is expressed on the surface of dermal-derived stem cells that are capable of differentiating into neural cells. Nestin is an intermediate filament expressed in the cytoplasm of neuroepithelial stem cells. In this study, we evaluate the expression of these markers and possible differences among banal nevi, primary melanoma, and metastastic melanoma. Tissue microarrays containing normal tissue and 226 melanocytic lesions (71 banal nevi, 71 in situ and invasive melanomas, and 84 metastatic melanomas) were studied by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies CD166, CD133, and nestin. A significantly greater percentage of melanomas (combined primary and metastatic) contained cells that expressed CD166 (P ¼ 0.005), CD133 (P ¼ 0.003), and nestin (P ¼ 0.03) than banal nevi. Only nestin showed a statistical difference when comparing primary and metastatic melanoma (P ¼ 0.05). A stepwise increase in the proportion of lesions expressing all three markers was observed from banal nevi (2/19) to primary melanomas (8/17) to metastatic melanoma (19/28), P ¼ 0.0005. All cases of metastatic melanoma expressed at least one stem cell marker. The increased expression of CD166, CD133, and nestin in melanoma suggests that progression to malignant melanoma likely involves genetic pathways instrumental to stem cell biology and normal tissue development. Further studies and characterization of these pathways may also reveal new prognostic markers for a disease whose prognosis in advanced stages is dismal.

We evaluated the role of changes in cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) and lipid peroxidation in relation to development of severe liver injury in fish oil-ethanol-fed rats. The experimental animals (male Wistar rats) were divided into 5 rats/group and were fed the following diets for 1 month: corn oil and ethanol (CO+E) or corn oil and dextrose (CO+D), and fish oil and ethanol (FO+E) or fish oil and dextrose (FO+D). For each animal, microsomal analysis of CYP 2E1 protein, aniline hydroxylase activity, fatty acid composition, and conjugated dienes was conducted. Also, evaluation of severity of pathology was done for each rat. The mean +/- SD of the pathology score was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the FO+E (6.0 +/- 1.3) group than in the CO+E group (3.0 +/- 0.5). No pathological changes were evident in the dextrose-fed controls. The CYP 2E1 protein levels (mean +/- SD) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the FO+E group (13.1 +/- 2.0) compared with the CO+E (4.7 +/- 1.2) and FO+D (1.8 +/- 0.5) groups. Higher levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids and lower levels of arachidonic acid were detected in liver microsomes from rats fed fish oil compared with corn oil. A significant correlation was obtained between CYP 2E1 protein and conjugated diene levels (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). Our results showing markedly increased CYP 2E1 induction and lipid peroxidation in the FO+E group provides one possible explanation for the greater severity of liver injury in this group.

Background Histopathologic examination is sometimes inadequate for accurate and reproducible diagnosis of certain melanocytic neoplasms. As a result, more sophisticated and objective methods have been sought. The goal of this study was to identify a gene expression signature that reliably differentiated benign and malignant melanocytic lesions and evaluate its potential clinical applicability. Herein, we describe the development of a gene expression signature and its clinical validation using multiple independent cohorts of melanocytic lesions representing a broad spectrum of histopathologic subtypes. Methods Using quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) on a selected set of 23 differentially expressed genes, and by applying a threshold value and weighting algorithm, we developed a gene expression signature that produced a score that differentiated benign nevi from malignant melanomas. Results The gene expression signature classified melanocytic lesions as benign or malignant with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 93% in a training cohort of 464 samples. The signature was validated in an independent clinical cohort of 437 samples, with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 91%. Conclusions The performance, objectivity, reliability and minimal tissue requirements of this test suggest that it could have clinical application as an adjunct to histopathology in the diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasms.

Alcoholic liver injury is a complex process involving several injury mechanisms and multiple cellular targets. 1

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Imatinib mesylate administered orally twice daily for AIDS-related KS results in clinical and histologic regression of cutaneous KS lesions within 4 weeks. These promising results demonstrate that inhibition of the c-kit and/or PDGF receptors may represent an effective strategy for treating KS.

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