Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a concept that aligns with both current and future mobility demands of users, namely intermodal, personalized, on-demand and seamless. Although the number of shared mobility, electric mobility and multimodal passenger transport users is rapidly growing, until now, the list of MaaS and electric Mobility as Service (eMaaS) providers is quite short. This could partly be explained by the lack of a common architecture that facilitates the complex integration of all actors involved in the (e)MaaS ecosystem. The goal of this publication is to give an overview of the state of the art regarding (e)MaaS’ ecosystems and architectures. Moreover, it aims to support the further development of eMaaS by proposing a definition and a novel system architecture for eMaaS. Firstly, the state of the art of the MaaS ecosystem is reviewed. Secondly, the eMaaS ecosystem that builds upon our definition of eMaaS is described and the MaaS system- and technical- architectures found in literature are reviewed. Finally, an eMaaS architecture that focuses on the integration of MaaS and electric mobility systems is presented. With the definition, ecosystem and system architecture presented in this work, the aim is to support the further development of the eMaaS concept.

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In this paper we present a framework that aids and supports communication of modeling and simulation activities in early systems engineering. We do this by analyzing existing simulation and modelling frameworks, both in systems engineering as well as more generic frameworks. For each framework, we discuss its purpose, main outcomes and the tools and methods used in the framework. Using this overview, we argue that in order to apply simulation and modeling techniques fully in conceptual systems design, it is necessary to use a framework focused on communication and aimed at four key issues. We extract a generic process from the discussed frameworks and discuss for each step of this process how these issues should be addressed. We also explain how this framework should be supported with tooling. Finally we discuss a simulation study of a medical imaging system that gave us initial experiences on the approach presented here. We conclude that this framework shows promise in supporting the communication of a modeling and simulation study in a multidisciplinary setting.

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Modeling and simulation studies can greatly increase insight in the behavior of complex systems. However, if the person executing the study is unable to communicate its results, the usefulness of the effort is significantly reduced. The multidisciplinary nature of systems engineering and architecting impedes an easy transfer of knowledge in this regard. In this paper, we discuss simulation activities from a communication viewpoint and describe the key elements in this process. These elements are brought together in a conceptual model. We then discuss how this model can be utilized using the principles of the A3 Architecting Overview method to enable more effective and efficient communication of modeling activities. Finally we show an application of this approach and discuss its results and impacts. We conclude that while the conceptual model is complete for the presented application, more research in other domains is necessary to fully validate the model.