The likelihood of PDA spontaneous closure in VLBW infants is extremely high. We provide in our findings a platform for future placebo-controlled trials focused on the smallest and youngest infants.

Physicians who perform ERCP develop musculoskeletal injuries and are interested in learning about risk factor modification.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether various positions of the lower extremity affect the muscle activity of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) differently during both open and closed kinetic chain exercise conditions among patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Patients who presented with symptoms consistent with PFPS completed a series of open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises in which VMO activity was measured and compared. Statistical analysis revealed that there is less than a 0.001% (open kinetic chain) or 0.005% (closed kinetic chain) chance that all positions activate the VMO equally. In open kinetic exercise, maximum VMO activity was achieved with terminal knee extension with medial tibial rotation. During closed kinetic exercises, squats with external rotation were preferred for maximum VMO activation. Therefore, our results highlight the importance of including both the open and closed kinetic chain exercises into rehabilitation programs for patients with PFPS.

Variability exists in terms of 'important information' given to patients undergoing ERCP. Standard informed consent guidelines specific to ERCP may help endoscopists uphold their responsibility to the patient, enhance patient understanding and reduce the risk of liability.

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Background: Primary lymphoma of the breast accounts for 0.04–0.5% of all breast malignancies and approximately 1% of all extranodal lymphomas. For stage IE node-negative disease, involved field radiotherapy is recommended except for very young women in whom the risk of breast cancer is a concern. The rate of complete response for limited stage extranodal marginal B-cell lymphoma is in excess of 90%. Case Report: We report the case of a 62-year-old lady who presented with a unilateral painless palpable right breast lump. She subsequently underwent a trucut biopsy of the lesion. The histology revealed a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin‘s lymphoma (NHL). Immunohistochemistry showed that more than 95% of the cells were B cells which were CD 20+/CD 45+ and BC L6+. This confirmed the diagnosis of marginal zone lymphoma. Staging work-up was negative for distant metastases. Serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were normal. The patient had no ‘B’ symptoms. Her final diagnosis was clinical stage IAE NHL, and she was referred for curative radiotherapy. Conclusion: Radiation treatment is a safe and extremely effective modality of treatment for early stage I marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of the breast.

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