Data on the emission of energetic ions produced in laser–matter interactions have been analyzed for a wide variety of laser wavelengths, energies, and pulse lengths. Strong correlation has been found between the bulk energy per AMU for fast ions measured by charge cups and the x-ray-determined hot electron temperature. Five theoretical models have been used to explain this correlation. The models include (1) a steady-state spherically symmetric fluid model with classical electron heat conduction, (2) a steady-state spherically symmetric fluid model with flux limited electron heat conduction, (3) a simple analytic model of an isothermal rarefaction followed by a free expansion, (4) the lasnex hydrodynamics code [Comments Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 2, 85 (1975)], calculations employing a spherical expansion and simple initial conditions, and (5) the lasnex code with its full array of absorption, transport, and emission physics. The results obtained with these models are in good agreement with the experiments and indicate that the detailed shape of the correlation curve between mean fast ion energy and hot electron temperature is due to target surface impurities at the higher temperatures (higher laser intensities) and to the expansion of bulk target material at the lower temperatures (lower laser intensities).
ol work lh» tepott *ai prepared a> an nainmnd l» Iht United Slain liovetnmenl Ne.tliet the I'nited Sum no, the Uniled Sum lnei»y Rcvranh and Development Administration, noi any ol theit employee*, not any ol their conttailork subconiiaiiot*. ot then employee!, makci ai.y •attaniy. «>pten or implied, in aotinie. any lend liability ot leiponutnliiv fot the auutacy. completencu 01 mtWlneu of any inloirrution. appaiaw. ptodutt 01 procesi dlseloied, 01 ttpieu:nl> that n> u* »u"ld not infringe privately owned tights.
The IaseJ has found numerous applicahs m mulick, Mginning with w in ophthalmology in the 1%0's. To &y, lasers are @ in tissue cu[ting, bkmd ccbagulaliorr, photo-dynamic cancer dmapy, arterial plaque removal, dcnlal clrilling, CIC. In this pper, we examine lhose areas of IascTmedicirw in which plasmas (ioniti gases) are producul. in fac~the ptscnce of a plasma is essential for the @ication ti hand 10 succai We considti examples Of WCplasmas FCUIuc.d in ophMmology (e.g. lens membram desmction fol!owing c.amt surgc~), in urology and gaswocnterology (e.g. kidney and gall srone ablation and fragmentation) and in cardiology and vascular surgery (e.g. Im.er ablation and removal of fibmfauy and caJcifial aswial plaque). Experimemd W are presen~along witi some results from computer simArlions of tie phenomena Commen~on fumre che.cuons in these m arc includd.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.