This concluding chapter returns to the notion that Matsukata merged the positive and negative policies of his predecessors along liberal nationalist lines, pursuing a kind of “expansionary austerity” during the Matsukata deflation. It argues that Matsukata Masayoshi was committed to reform and modernization of Japan's fiscal and monetary systems and to encouragement of private enterprise, but not in a categorical orthodox liberal or neoliberal sense. He certainly set out to create budget surpluses through fiscal austerity. Yet he demonstrated flexibility in response to a series of unexpected developments that compelled the Finance Ministry in fact to increase government spending. As a result, the Finance Ministry was able to accumulate enough specie and money in the reserve fund to redeem a sizable portion of fiat notes, back the issue of convertible paper money by the Bank of Japan, and finance military expansion as well as enable the state to remain actively involved in the economy.
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