Major
barriers to the implementation of nanotechnology include
reproducible synthesis and scalability. Batch solution phase methods
do not appear to have the potential to overcome these barriers. Microfluidic
methods have been investigated as a means to enable controllable and
reproducible synthesis; however, the most popular constituent of microfluidics,
polydimethylsiloxane, is ill-suited for mass production. Multi-inlet
vortex mixers (MIVMs) have been proposed as a method for scalable
nanoparticle production; however, the control and reproducibility
of the nanoparticle is wanting. Here, we investigate the ability to
improve the control and reproducibility of nanoparticles produced
by using 3D printed MIVMs with herringbone patterns in the flow channels.
We compare three methods, viz., microfluidic, MIVM, and herringbone-patterned
MIVM methods, for the synthesis of lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles
(LPHNPs). The 3D printed herringbone-patterned MIVM method resulted
in the smallest LPHNPs with the most uniform size distribution and
shows more reproducible results as compared to the other two methods.
To elucidate the mechanism underlying these results, concentration
slices and vorticity streamlines of mixing chambers have been analyzed
for 3D printed herringbone-patterned MIVM devices. The results bode
well for LPHNPs, a formulation widely investigated for its improved
therapeutic efficacy and biocompatibility. The herringbone-patterned
device also has the potential to be broadly applied to many solution
phase processes that take advantage of efficient mixing. The methods
discussed here have broad implications for reproducible production
of nanoparticles with constituents such as siRNA, proteins, quantum
dots, and inorganic materials.
Historians have long debated the effects of war on state formation in early modern Europe. Did military competition increase rulers' power over their subjects and forge more modern states, or did the strains of war break down political and administrative systems? This book seeks a rounded answer to these questions by comparing England and the Netherlands in the age of warrior princes such as Henry VIII and Charles V. It examines the development of new military and fiscal institutions, but goes beyond them to ask how mobilization for war changed political relationships throughout society. Towns in England, such as Norwich, York, Exeter, and Rye, are compared with towns in the Netherlands, such as Antwerp, Leiden, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Valenciennes, to see how the magistrates' relations with central government and the urban populace were modified by war. Great noblemen from the Howard and Percy families are set alongside their equivalents from the houses of Croÿ and Egmond to examine the role of recruitment, army command, and heroic reputation in maintaining the power of the nobility. The wider interactions of subjects and rulers in wartime are reviewed to measure how effectively war extended princes' claims on their subjects' loyalty and service; their ambitions to control news and public opinion and to promote national identity; and their ability to manage the economy and harness religious change to dynastic purposes. The book presents picture of societies and polities tested and shaped by the pressures of ever more demanding warfare.
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