To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in participants with type 1 diabetes in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry throughout the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSDPN was assessed with the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire (MNSIQ) in adults with ‡5 years of type 1 diabetes duration. A score of ‡4 defined DPN. Associations of demographic, clinical, and laboratory factors with DPN were assessed. RESULTSAmong 5,936 T1D Exchange participants (mean 6 SD age 39 6 18 years, median type 1 diabetes duration 18 years [interquartile range 11, 31], 55% female, 88% non-Hispanic white, mean glycated hemoglobin [HbA 1c ] 8.1 6 1.6% [65.3 6 17.5 mmol/mol]), DPN prevalence was 11%. Compared with those without DPN, DPN participants were older, had higher HbA 1c , had longer duration of diabetes, were more likely to be female, and were less likely to have a college education and private insurance (all P < 0.001). DPN participants also were more likely to have cardiovascular disease (CVD) (P < 0.001), worse CVD risk factors of smoking (P 5 0.008), hypertriglyceridemia (P 5 0.002), higher BMI (P 5 0.009), retinopathy (P 5 0.004), reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (P 5 0.02), and Charcot neuroarthropathy (P 5 0.002). There were no differences in insulin pump or continuous glucose monitor use, although DPN participants were more likely to have had severe hypoglycemia (P 5 0.04) and/or diabetic ketoacidosis (P < 0.001) in the past 3 months. CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of DPN in this national cohort with type 1 diabetes is lower than in prior published reports but is reflective of current clinical care practices. These data also highlight that nonglycemic risk factors, such as CVD risk factors, severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and lower socioeconomic status, may also play a role in DPN development.Diabetic neuropathy is a prevalent complication in patients with diabetes and a major cause of morbidity and mortality (1). Among the various forms of diabetic neuropathy, distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) and diabetic autonomic neuropathies are by far the most studied (1).

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Context We hypothesize that impaired glucocorticoid sensitivity (GC Sensitivity) plays a role in the development of Premature Adrenarche (PA) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by increasing androgen synthesis. Objective To study glucocorticoid sensitivity in vitro in subjects with Premature Adrenarche and PCOS. Patients and Methods 14 subjects (10 girls, 4 boys, 6.9 ± 0.6 yrs.) with Premature Adrenarche; 27 subjects with PCOS (17 ± 2.5 yrs.) and 31 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All subjects and controls underwent GC sensitivity analysis in vitro using a F-DEX assay. A GC sensitivity index (GCSI) was calculated as area under the curve of the F-DEX assay results. Subjects were classified as GC resistant, if the GCSI ≤ 264 and GC sensitive if the GCSI ≥ 386. Results In the Premature Adrenarche group, 8 out of 14 subjects were resistant with GCSI of 179.7 ± 39.9, 4 were within the normal range with GCSI of 299.6 ± 27.9 and 2 had increased GC sensitivity with GCSI of 423.5 ± 47.9. In the PCOS group, 18 out of 27 subjects were GC-resistant with GCSI of 180.9 ± 58.2; 8 were within the normal range with GCSI of 310.7 ± 26.4 and 1 had increased GCSI of 395.4. In the PCOS GC-resistant subgroup, cortisol was higher compared to PCOS with normal GCSI (p&lt;0.05). In the combined PCOS plus female control group GCSI correlated negatively with cortisol and testosterone (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion GC resistance was found in more than 50% of patients with PCOS and Premature Adrenarche. The findings strongly suggest that GC resistance is associated with states of Premature Adrenarche and PCOS.

Children who have diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1) are at increased risk of developing other autoimmune diseases. These associated diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, Celiac disease, and Addison's disease. Since Addison's disease is potentially fatal if undiagnosed and untreated, it would be prudent to effectively screen individuals to determine if they are at risk of developing this disease. We present a case of a 6 year old male with a history of DMT1, who presented in adrenal crisis and was subsequently diagnosed with Addison's disease. HLA-DRB1 404/DR4 is one of the genes involved in the development of Addison's disease in children with DMT1. Our patient later tested positive for this haplotype. Genetic testing is not routinely done in patients with (DMT1) to determine if they will potentially develop other associated conditions. We propose using genetic testing of associated HLA haplotypes to screen children with DMT1 for Addison's disease.

Our objective was to further expand the spectrum of clinical characteristics of the IGSF1 deficiency syndrome in affected males. These characteristic include almost universal congenital central hypothyroidism (CeH) with disharmonious pubertal development (normally timed testicular growth, but delayed rise of serum testosterone), macroorchidism, increased body mass index (BMI), and decreased attentional control. In addition, a subset of patients show prolactin deficiency, transient partial growth hormone deficiency in childhood and increased growth hormone secretion in adulthood. We present a family in which the proband was diagnosed with CeH and low serum prolactin. Severe weight gain started at two years old, with a BMI of 42.3 at 13.9 years. Testicular enlargement (5-6 mL, 3.8-4.3 standard deviation score) started aged three years. A pathogenic variant was found in the IGSF1 gene: c.3411_3412del, p.(Tyr1137*). His brother was referred for short stature at age 13 years and was diagnosed with CeH, normal serum prolactin and IGF-1, and disharmonious puberty. In four male relatives (the proband’s brother and three cousins) with the variant (one adult), free thyroxine (fT4) was below the lower limit of the reference range in two, and just above this limit in the other two. Three were overweight or obese, adolescents had disharmonious pubertal development and the adult had profound macroorchidism. In conclusion, male hemizygous carriers of a pathogenic IGSF1 variant can present with fT4 concentration above the lower limit of the reference range while severe early onset obesity or premature testicular growth are part of the phenotypic spectrum.

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