Rats were either trained to criterion or given 100% overtraining on a tactile discrimination before receiving sham operations or frontal. somatic, or occipital cortex lesions. With preoperative training to criterion, the rats with frontal and somatic cortex lesions showed marked postoperative impairments when tested for reversal learning with the same tactile stimuli previously encountered, whereas animals with occipital cortex ablations did not differ significantly from sham-operated subjects. Preoperat.ive overtraining failed to improve postoperative reversal learning among the sham-operated animals , and it. did not attenuate the ablation effects displayed by rats with frontal or somatic cortex lesions. These data show that the overlearning reversal effect (ORE), which has ,been reported with visual and spatial stimuli, may be more difficult to demonstrate with tactile discriminanda. The findings further suggest that early reports of preoperative overtraining lessening postoperative lesion effects may have less generality than previously recognized. ZUBEK, J. P. Recent electrophysiological studie s of the cerebral cortex: Impl ications for localizat ion of sensory functions .
In the United States, low rates of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness and utilization persist among Black adults. To date, few studies have assessed PrEP awareness and use among a nationally representative sample of Black adults. The present study explored factors associated with PrEP awareness and use among Black adults in the United States. Most participants were unaware of PrEP (71%). Those reporting a history of incarceration [aOR 1.73 (1.04, 2.90), p <.05] and lifetime sexually transmitted infection testing [aOR 1.76 (1.19, 2.59), p <.05] had greater odds of awareness. In the sample, only 6% of participants had ever taken PrEP. Those with a history of incarceration [aOR 9.96 (2.82, 35.14), p <.05], concurrent sexual partners [aOR 1.09 (1.00, 1.18), p <.05], and substance use during sex [aOR 4.23 (1.02, 17.48), p <.05] had greater odds of use. Interventions to improve PrEP uptake among Black adults must consider the contextual factors associated with awareness and use.
Through a variety of mechanisms, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ascorbic acid, and folate have been proposed as beneficial supplements in the treatment of schizophrenia. Although data are conflicting regarding the potential for any of these supplements to improve symptoms, current studies suggest that PUFAs may be potentially beneficial for younger patients at high risk of developing schizophrenia, or those experiencing their first episode. Similarly, benefit of folate supplementation may be most significant for patients with certain genetic variants in enzymes critical for folate metabolism. At doses used in clinical studies with schizophrenia populations, these complementary alternative medications have been found to be generally safe and may be considered as adjunctive agents to traditional therapy for interested patients.
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Psychiatr Ann.
2018;48(5):211–213.]
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