Glycosylation in the C-terminal 50–55 residues of proteins is mediated posttranslocationally by the STT3B isoform of oligosaccharyltransferase, with a preference for NXT sites.

An apolar patch and a polar cluster in the protein translocation channel cooperate to discriminate between signal sequences and less hydrophobic segments of cytosolic proteins.

The most abundant proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are thought to be molecular chaperones, some of which might also be involved in calcium storage and release. We have purified calreticulin from maize by ion exchange and reverse-phase chromatography. Identity with plant and animal calreticulins was confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and it was shown to bind calcium with a calcium overlay technique. An antiserum raised to the purified protein was used to screen an expression library and the full coding sequence for maize calreticulin was determined from the clones selected. The sequence shows 96% identity to barley calreticulin and 55% identity to animal calreticulins. The three major functional regions are conserved, as are targeting and retention features. When visualized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, calreticulin was found to be confined to the ER and nuclear envelope of maize root cells. It was distributed throughout the ER compartment and we found no evidence of calreticulin-enriched areas of ER, such as might be associated with specialized calcium storage domains. Increasing or decreasing extracellular calcium did not induce measurable changes in calreticulin levels. In addition, maize calreticulin, as well as other recognized chaperones, was shown to bind to denatured protein and could be eluted specifically by nucleoside trisphosphates.

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SummaryThe Sec61 and SecYEG translocation channels mediate the selective transport of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum and bacterial inner membrane respectively. These channels are also responsible for integration of membrane proteins. To accomplish these two critical events in protein expression, the transport channels undergo conformational changes to permit export of lumenal domains and integration of transmembrane spans. Novel insight into how these channels open during protein translocation has been provided by a combination of the analysis of new channel structures, biochemical characterization of translocation intermediates, molecular dynamics simulations, and in vivo and vitro analysis of structure-based Sec61 and SecY mutants.