This paper examines how design-oriented organisations implement design thinking to develop design outcomes. An empirical investigation revealed that organisations implement design thinking by: (1) creating and disseminating end-user profiles across the organisation, (2) cultivating organic organisational structures to increase collaborations, (3) using brand image to establish a design language, and (4) factoring in competitors' design outputs to stimulate design thinking. Design thinking is typically understood as a process that results in many possibilities for innovation. The results of this study offer an alternate understanding of design thinking as a creative process that is structured by these four key implementation schemes.

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to, first, make explicit the theoretical link between prosumers and co-creation as articulated in the service-dominant logic framework. The authors re-examine the contributions of prosumers to service experiences with the intent of clarifying how prosumers act as co-creators of value. The second purpose of this study is to clarify the underlying motivations for prosumers' participation in co-creation/service experiences. The authors assert that high-quality service experiences require service researchers and managers to better understand prosumers and their motivations. Design/methodology/approach -Through a qualitative investigation, the authors examine prosumers and their social motivationsfrom a service experience perspective. Findings -The findings illustrate that prosumers are not only participants in the co-creation of value; the findings illustrate that prosumers are active designers of service experiences. This is because prosumers are motivated by both individual and social factors that arise from their personal lives, not necessarily by desires to participate in firms' production processes. The authors seek answers to the following research questions: What are the social motivations of prosumers? How do prosumers co-create value through creative outputs?Research limitations/implications -The findings suggest that firms do not solely motivate co-creation and, more specifically, prosumption; rather, these are motivated by factors in the personal lives of consumers. Practical implications -The findings illustrate that prosumers are not only participants in the co-creation of value; the findings illustrate that prosumers are active designers of service experiences. Service design and management should account for and accommodate prosumers. Originality/value -This interdisciplinary paper integrates literature from design, marketing, service, and management to provide theoretical underpinnings of a qualitative study into the social motivations of prosumers from a service experience perspective.

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Design thinking refers to the implementation of a firm's design philosophy into design processes and outputs. This article introduces two design thinking approaches-user-centered design and design-driven innovation-that frame product design activities and show how these approaches can be incorporated into marketing curricula. The aim of this article is to show how marketing educators can help students appreciate and understand the processes and consequences of developing new products using different design thinking approaches. First, an experiment is conducted to examine the effect of design thinking approaches (user-centered design, design-driven innovation) on design and marketing outcomes (perceived originality, perceived usefulness, and perceived value). Second, based on the results of the study, the article develops a step-by-step guide on how to execute a design thinking module in a product-oriented marketing course.

Inhibition of bacterial nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) has the potential to improve the efficacy of antimicrobials used to treat infections by Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. However, inhibitor specificity toward bNOS over the mammalian NOS (mNOS) isoforms remains a challenge because of the near identical NOS active sites. One key structural difference between the NOS isoforms is the amino acid composition of the pterin cofactor binding site that is adjacent to the NOS active site. Previously, we demonstrated that a NOS inhibitor targeting both the active and pterin sites was potent and functioned as an antimicrobial (HoldenHolden24145412Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.201311018127). Here we present additional crystal structures, binding analyses, and bacterial killing studies of inhibitors that target both the active and pterin sites of a bNOS and function as antimicrobials. Together, these data provide a framework for continued development of bNOS inhibitors, as each molecule represents an excellent chemical scaffold for the design of isoform selective bNOS inhibitors.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how practices influence service systems. Design/methodology/approach Data across three service contexts (crafts, healthcare and fitness) were collected through depth interviews and netnographic analysis, and analyzed with a two-study multi-method approach focusing first on the micro- (individual) level and then on the macro- (network) level of service systems. Study 1 focused on a micro-level analysis using qualitative techniques (Spiggle, 1994). Study 2 focused on a macro-level analysis using partial least squares regression. Findings The results illustrate how practices can change service systems. This occurs when a nuanced practice (i.e. a practice style) orders and roots a service system in a specific form of value creation. The findings reveal four practice styles: individual-extant, social-extant, individual-modified and social-modified practice styles. These practice styles shift in response to event triggers and change service systems. These event triggers are: service beneficiary enhancement, service beneficiary failure, service provider failure and social change. Thus, the findings show that practices – when shifting in response to event triggers – change service systems. This transpires in the understudied meta-layer of a service system. Practical implications The study identifies four practice styles that can serve as the basis for segmentation and service design. Originality/value Service systems are dynamic and ever changing. This study explores how service systems change by proposing a practice approach to service systems.