Results suggested that long-term PPV is practical and successful in dogs and cats.

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Dogs and cats receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were evaluated for factors leading to cardiac arrest and for survival following the procedure. One‐hundred‐thirty‐five canine and forty‐three feline patients seen at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital that received CPR between August 1987 and December 1991 were studied. Initial resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful in 72% of dogs and 58% of cats. Five dogs and one cat were still alive 3 days after CPR. Ultimately only four dogs and one cat were discharged from the hospital alive. These five patients with uniquely longer survival all had cardiac arrests associated with drug and/or anesthetic reactions.

Results suggest that placement of an indwelling urinary catheter in dogs is associated with a low risk of catheter-associated UTI during the first 3 days after catheter placement, provided that adequate precautions are taken for aseptic catheter placement and maintenance. Results of bacterial culture of urinary catheter tips should not be used to predict whether dogs developed catheter-associated UTI.

Objective: To determine the continuous changes in blood volume in response to fluid administration using an in-line hematocrit monitor. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Research laboratory. Animals: Four healthy dogs. Interventions: Each dog received intravenous boluses of 80 mL/kg of 0.9% saline (S), 4 mL/kg of 7.5% saline (HS), 20 mL/kg of dextran 70 (D), 20 mL/kg of hetastarch (HES), or no fluids (control, C) on separate occasions. Fluids were administered at 150 mL/min in the S, D, and HES groups, and at 1 mL/kg/min in the HS group. Measurements and main results: Blood volume changes were measured every 20 seconds for 240 minutes using an in-line hematocrit monitor. There was a rapid rise in blood volume during all infusions. Immediately after the administration of crystalloid fluids, the rapid rise in blood volume ceased. Subsequently, there was a steep decline in blood volume for 10 minutes, and a slower decline thereafter. In contrast, the rise in blood volume continued for at least 10 minutes after the infusion of the colloids was complete, and a plateau was observed for the remainder of the experiment. The blood volume effect, as measured by area under the curve, was significantly greater in the saline group than the other groups during the infusion time and for the 0-240 minutes time period. The areas under the curve for the two colloid solutions were not significantly different from each other during any time periods. The percent increase in blood volume immediately following the infusions was 76.4 AE 10.0 in the S group, 17.1 AE 3.2 in the HS group, 23.0 AE 10.5 in the D group, and 27.2 AE 6.4 in the HES group. At 30 minutes from the start of the infusion, the mean percent increases in blood volumes were 35.2 AE 9.3 in the S group, 12.3 AE 0.9 in the HS group, 35.9 AE 7.3 in the D group, and 36.8 AE 6.5 in the HES group. At 240 h post-infusion, the mean percent increases in blood volume were 18.0 AE 9.7 in the S group, 2.9 AE 6.1 in the HS group, 25.6 AE 16.1 in the D group, and 26.6 AE 8.6 in the HES group. The C group had a mean percent change in blood volume of À 3.7 AE 3.4 at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: This study indicates that the rapid administration of saline at clinically relevant doses leads to the largest immediate increase in blood volume, although this change is transient because of rapid redistribution of the fluid. Despite a brief increase in blood volume that was almost 3 times the volume administered, hypertonic saline led to the smallest increase in blood volume post-infusion. The synthetic colloid solutions increased the blood volume by an amount greater than that infused and the effect was sustained for a longer period of time than seen following crystalloid administration, but the maximum increase in blood volume was significantly less than saline. The measurement of continuous changes in blood volume, using an in-line hematocrit monitor, was a useful means of assessing the dynamic effects of fluid administration in dogs in a research setting.(J Vet Emerg Crit Care ...

Stewart used physicochemical principles of aqueous solutions to develop an understanding of variables that control hydrogen ion concentration (H+) in body fluids. He proposed that H+ concentration in body fluids was determined by PC02, strong ion difference (SID = sum of strong positive ion concentrations minus the sum of the strong anion concentrations) and the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acid (&ot) under normal circumstances. Albumin is the major weak acid in plasma and represents the majority of A , .These 3 variables were defined as independent variables, which determined the values of all other relevant variables (dependent) in plasma, including H' . The major strong ions in plasma are sodium and chloride. The difference between Na+ and CI-may be used as an estimation of SID. A decrease in SID below normal results in acidosis he purpose of this article is to review the basic T principles of Stewart's approach to acid-base chemistry,'-3 to show how these principles can be easily applied clinically, and to show the clinical usefulness of this approach in the evaluation of the acid-base status in a variety of species and disease states in an emergency or critical care setting. Principles of Stewart's Acid-Base ChemistryStewart's quantitative approach to acid-base chemistry provides a mathematical explanation of the relevant variables that control H+ in body fluids and their interactions. The approach treats body fluids as a system that contains multiple interacting constituents. The Henderson-Hasselbalch approach to evaluating acid-base status considers the interactions of only a few variables in the system, such as pH, PC02, and bicarbonate, whereas Stewart considers the interactions among more variables and allows one to identify the variables that control H+. 1-3Stewart uses 3 physical laws of aqueous solutions to write equations that describe the interactions among the variables in the system. These laws are (1) the maintenance of electrical neutrality (positively charged ion concentrations equal the negatively charged ion concentrations), (2) the satisfaction of the dissociation equilibria for weak electrolytes (partially dissociated when dissolved in water), and ( 3 ) the conservation of mass. Strong electrolytes are completely dissociated in water so there is no equilibrium equation to consider. Equations that satisfy the physical (increase in H+) and an increase in SID above normal results in alkalosis (decrease in H+). Unidentified strong anions such as lactate will decrease the SID, if present. Equations developed by Fencl allow Stewart's work to be easily applied clinically for evaluating the metabolic (nonrespiratory) contribution to acid-base balance. This approach separates the net metabolic abnormality into components, and allows one to easily detect mixed metabolic acid-base abnormalities. The Fencl approach provides insight into the nature and severity of the disturbances that exist in the patient. Sodium, chloride, protein, and unidentified anion derangements may contribute to the...

The availability of these veterinary small animal CPR reporting guidelines will encourage and facilitate high-quality veterinary CPR research, improve data comparison between studies and across study sites, and serve as the foundation for veterinary CPR registries.