The Six Facets Model of technology management has previously only been applied to process innovation at the firm and the industry level. In this article, the model is applied to product innovation for the first time. In the context of genetically-modified organisms in the agribusiness industry, we examine radical product innovation through the Six Facets Model. We propose, based on the history of genetically-modified organisms in agribusiness, that when applied to product innovation the Six Facets Model will benefit considerably from the inclusion of potential negative externalities and the reactions of external stakeholders.

Abstract:Rather than re-examine the question of whether doing good generally helps a company to do well, this study draws on contingency theory to empirically examine when doing good helps a company do as well as possible. Using panel data, we examine the effects of industry life cycle, munificence, and instability on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP). Our findings indicate that life cycle has a significant impact on the CSR-CFP relationship, as does industry instability. These findings suggest that CSR helps the bottom line considerably -if it is applied at the right time. The primary purpose of our study is to broaden our understanding of CSR's financial impact by applying the contingency perspective to the insights offered by the resource-based view (RBV). By doing so, we hope to present a clearer picture of how and under what circumstances CSR affects firm CFP. Given the longstanding contention over the CSR-CFP relationship, it is unlikely that this study can by itself resolve the question. But we hope that our findings help researchers better understand this complex relationship, and that we will have helped with the eventual resolution of the important and hotly-debated CSR-CFP relationship.There are three possible effects of CSR on firm competitiveness: positive, negative, and neutral. Each possible effect enjoys both theoretical justification and supporting empirical evidence. Lee (2008) notes that over 30 years of research has failed to identify a definitive CSRperformance link. The discrepancy in findings may be attributed to competing theories, 3 methodologies and measurement issues (Ditlev-Simonsen and Gottschalk, 2011;Hull and Rothenberg, 2008;Lee, 2008;Lockett, Moon, and Visser, 2006;Margolis and Walsh, 2003;McWilliams and Siegel, 2001;McWilliams, Siegel, and Wright, 2006;Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes, 2003;Russo and Fouts, 1997;Surroca, Tribo, and Waddock, 2010;Wood, 2010;Wood and Jones, 1995).Research that has found a positive CSR-CFP relationship suggests that factors such as improved stakeholder relationships, reduced HRM costs due to improved employee recruitment and performance, enhanced quality, and better market opportunities are the underlying causes of this outcome (Becchetti, Di Giacomo, and Pinnacchio, 2008;Hull and Rothenberg, 2008;McWilliams, Siegel, and Wright, 2006). Meta-analyses by Margolis and Walsh (2003) and Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes (2002) found empirical support for a positive CSR-performance result. Thus, in this paper, we accept the notion that higher levels of CSR in general should lead to better CFP. However, we also accept the premise that there may be circumstances in which the effects of CSR on CFP are reduced. As these circumstances appear to extend across multiple firms at one time, potentially explaining the variance in different studies of the phenomenon (Lee, 2008), it seems likely that these circumstances are environmental rather than firm-specific.The firm strategy-performance relationship...

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are often accused of taking advantage of lax environmental regulations in developing countries. However, no quantitative analysis of the impact of doing business in nations of different income levels on environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) has been done prior to this study. Incorporating institutional factors in our approach, we argue that endoisomorphic and exoisomorphic pressures relating to ECSR impact MNEs differently according to the MNEs' level of activity in low‐, lower‐middle‐, upper‐middle‐, and high‐income nations. We predict and, using data from 113 companies, find that selling in poorer nations is positively associated with increased levels of ECSR. Our research suggests that MNEs may not be participating in a “race to the bottom” but may instead be responding to global institutional pressure by exceeding local norms for environmental stewardship. Alternative interpretations of our findings are discussed.

Innovations that antagonize non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will face significantly greater challenges than those that do not. The impact of non-governmental organizations on the commercialization of new technology is evolving from the more traditional indirect approach of lobbying governments. The new NGO approach is to pursue private politics, in which the NGO seeks to exert direct influence over entrepreneurial companies that commercialize radical new technology. The authors use the industry study approach to explore how this new NGO role affects innovation. They present a theoretical framework that encompasses the emerging role of NGOs and set out the practical managerial implications that emerge from their analysis.

2006),"The effects of total quality management practices on employees' work-related attitudes", The TQM Magazine, Vol. 18 Iss 1 pp. 30-43 http://dx.If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.