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The adsorption of formic acid on Cu( 110) has been studied using Fourier-transform reflection/absorption IR spectroscopy (FTRAIRS) and molecular beam measurements. The adsorption is inefficient at 300 K, having an initial sticking coefficient (So) of ca. 0.1. Experiments with sub-ambient crystal temperatures show much more efficient adsorption with So being 0.9 at 180 K. The adsorption appears to be of the precursor type. FTRAIRS indicates that the species adsorbed at 200 K is very different from that at 300 K. The latter is the usually reported bidentate formate with a simple IR spectrum and symmetrically equivalent oxygens.At 200 K we propose that formate is produced in the monodentate form, that is strongly anchored to the surface through one oxygen, with the other in the form of a carbonyl group. However, the carbonyl group may also be bonding to the surface weakly. The monodentate species converts to bidentate upon heating. If the bidentate formate is cooled to 200 K, formic acid can be adsorbed from the gas phase and this converts all the formate on the surface back to the monodentate form.

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reforming produced a significant increase in permanent gases mainly (H2 and CO) with H2 content exceeding 50 vol % at higher reforming temperatures. Bio-oil yield decreased significantly as reforming temperature increased with char remaining the same as pyrolysis condition remained unchanged. The process shows an increase in heating value for the product gas ranging between 10.8-25.2 MJ/m3 as reforming temperature increased.

The production of MOFs at large scale in a sustainable way is key if these materials are to be exploited for their promised widespread application. Much of the published literature has focused on demonstrations of preparation routes using difficult or expensive methodologies to scale. One such MOF is nano-zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) – a material of interest for a range of possible applications. Work presented here shows how the synthesis of ZIF-8 can be tracked by a range of methods including X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis and inelastic neutron scattering – which offer the prospect of in-line monitoring of the synthesis reaction. Herein we disclose how the production of nano-ZIF-8 can be conducted at scale using the intermediate phase ZIF-L. By understanding the economics and demonstrating the production of 1 kg of nano-ZIF-8 at pilot scale we have shown how this once difficult to make material can be produced to specification in a scalable and cost-efficient fashion.

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