This article describes the use of Fowler's (1981) faith development theory (FDT) in counseling. FDT is a stage model of spiritual and religious development that allows counselors to identify both adaptive qualities and potential encumbrances in spiritual or religious expression. FDT offers a nonsectarian model of spiritual growth that permits assessment of spiritual development apart from the specific contents of various faith traditions. This article summarizes Fowler's faith stages and demonstrates their clinical utility through composite vignettes.
Recent work on the psychological distinctions between shame and guilt has important implications for mental health counselors. In particular, the work of Lewis (1971) and Tangney (1990, 1995; Tangney & Dearing, 2002) identifies psychological differences between shame and guilt and how they are phenomenologically expressed that provides helpful insight to those working with clients experiencing these emotions. This paper draws upon this work to establish criteria for distinguishing shame and guilt and to offer guidelines for their treatment.
Although there is a growing interest in spirituality and religious issues in counseling, little has been written for the supervisor. This article addresses this need by demonstrating how J. Fowler's (1981) model of faith development stages can inform supervisory work with spiritual and religious issues. Faith Development Theory is a growth-oriented approach to spiritual and religious development that focuses on adaptive rather than pathological qualities and fits well with developmental models of supervision. Fictitious scenarios illustrate the utility of J. Fowler's (1981) theory for working with spiritual and religious issues that surface in supervisory contexts.Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in attending to spirituality and religious issues in counseling (Richards & Bergin, 2005). The increasing number of clients who bring these issues to counseling has generated an expanding literature on the various issues and options involved in the incorporation of spirituality and religious resources into counseling (e.g., Cash-
The term yoga-nidra has been used in many empirical studies to refer to relaxation and guided imagery. These techniques do not represent the intention or physiological correlates of yoganidra discussed in the traditional yoga literature. We propose an operational definition of yoga-nidra that is supported by several physiologically testable hypotheses regarding its outcomes and effects. Traditional descriptions of yoga-nidra and contemporary accounts of its practice are reviewed, and studies examining the physiological correlates of yoga-nidra are examined. Proposed hypotheses for future research using this operational definition are provided.
James Fowler's theory of faith development has had a significant influence on religious education, pastoral care, and developmental psychology. Since he introduced the notion of faith “stages,” there have been several attempts to measure these, beginning with Fowler's own work. This article reviews and evaluates the adequacy of the various instruments used to measure Fowler's theory of faith development.
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