We present the discovery of another seven Y dwarfs from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Using these objects, as well as the first six WISE Y dwarf discoveries from Cushing et al., we further explore the transition between spectral types T and Y. We find that the T/Y boundary roughly coincides with the spot where the J − H colors of brown dwarfs, as predicted by models, turn back to the red. Moreover, we use preliminary trigonometric parallax measurements to show that the T/Y boundary may also correspond to the point at which the absolute H (1.6 µm) and W2 (4.6 µm) magnitudes plummet. We use these discoveries and their preliminary distances to place them in the larger context of the Solar Neighborhood. We present a table that updates the entire stellar and substellar constinuency within 8 parsecs of the Sun, and we show that the current census has hydrogen-burning stars outnumbering brown dwarfs by roughly a factor of six. This factor will decrease with time as more brown dwarfs are identified within this volume, but unless there is a vast reservoir of cold brown dwarfs -2invisible to WISE, the final space density of brown dwarfs is still expected to fall well below that of stars. We also use these new Y dwarf discoveries, along with newly discovered T dwarfs from WISE, to investigate the field substellar mass function. We find that the overall space density of late-T and early-Y dwarfs matches that from simulations describing the mass function as a power law with slope −0.5 < α < 0.0; however, a power-law may provide a poor fit to the observed object counts as a function of spectral type because there are tantalizing hints that the number of brown dwarfs continues to rise from late-T to early-Y. More detailed monitoring and characterization of these Y dwarfs, along with dedicated searches aimed at identifying more examples, are certainly required.2 Our team also maintains ancillary lists of candidates with bluer colors or fainter magnitudes, but those are beyond the scope of this paper. AAT/IRIS2The IRIS2 instrument (Tinney et al. 2004) at the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) at Siding Spring Observatory, Australia, provides wide-field imaging (7. ′ 7×7. ′ 7) using a 1024×1024 (0. ′′ 4486 pixel −1 ) Rockwell HAWAII-1 HgCdTe infrared detector. Our observation of WISE 2220−3628 used only the J filter, which is on the MKO-NIR system (Tokunaga et al. 2002). Data collection and reduction for this instrument are described in Tinney et al. (in prep.). CTIO/NEWFIRMThe NOAO Extremely Wide Field Infrared Imager (NEWFIRM; Swaters et al. 2009) at the 4m Victor M. Blanco Telescope on Cerro Tololo, Chile, uses four 2048×2048 InSb arrays arranged in a 2×2 grid. With a pixel scale of 0. ′′ 40 pixel −1 , this grid covers a total field of view of 27. ′ 6×27. ′ 6. Only one of our new Y dwarfs, WISE 0734−7157, was acquired with this instrument and it was observed only at J band, which is on the MKO-NIR system. Observing and reduction strategies are described in Kirkpatrick et al. (2011). SOAR/SpartanIRCThe Spart...

Detailed elemental abundance patterns of metal-poor ([Fe/H]∼−1 dex) stars in the Galactic bulge indicate that a number of them are consistent with globular cluster (GC) stars and may be former members of dissolved GCs. This would indicate that a few per cent of the Galactic bulge was built up from destruction and/or evaporation of globular clusters. Here an attempt is made to identify such presumptive stripped stars originating from the massive, inner Galaxy globular cluster NGC 6441 using its rich RR Lyrae variable star (RRL) population. We present radial velocities of forty RRLs centered on the globular cluster NGC 6441. All of the 13 RRLs observed within the cluster tidal radius have velocities consistent with cluster membership, with an average radial velocity of 24 ± 5 km s −1 and a star-to-star scatter of 11 km s −1 . This includes two new RRLs that were previously not associated with the cluster. Eight RRLs with radial velocities consistent with cluster membership but up to three time the distance from the tidal radius are also reported. These potential extratidal RRLs also have exceptionally long periods, which is a curious characteristic of the NGC 6441 RRL population that hosts RRLs with periods longer than seen anywhere else in the Milky Way. As expected of stripped cluster stars, most are inline with the cluster's orbit. Therefore, either the tidal radius of NGC 6441 is underestimated and/or we are seeing dissolving cluster stars stemming from NGC 6441 that are building up the old spheroidal bulge.

Through a twinning program combining delivery of surplus equipment and training camps, capacity building was accomplished and maintained. The program not only built overall surgical capacity, it improved the efficiency and increased the complexity of operative cases performed at the National Hospital in Uganda. This program could serve as a model for twinning, capacity building, and training in other developing countries where surgical disparities are among the greatest.