PurposeWhilst the debate rages between progressive and destructive considerations of economic development, this paper aims to develop thinking around the sustainable event and its contribution to competitive advantage.Design/methodology/approachThe paper defines the sustainable event and considers different position that might be adopted by private and public sector organisations when addressing the triple bottom line of sustainable development.FindingsCost leadership strategies are unlikely to work and the event organiser must address competitive advantage via differentiation and focus strategies.Practical implicationsEvent managers must gain a better understanding of the motivations of their audience in relation to sustainability and work towards clearer means to demonstrate that their event meets these sustainable development needs.Originality/valueThe intention being that if event organisers can see a competitive advantage in the sustainable event, their contribution to sustainable development will be increased.
Purpose – To translate theory into a practical tool, the purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework for the development of social marketing strategies to modify event attendee behaviour in a sustainable direction. Design/methodology/approach – Consumer value is synthesised with social marketing and consumer behaviour theory to develop the framework. A major problem for festivals (throwaway tents) and current pro-environmental practices are used to determine the framework's applicability. Findings – The conceptual framework suggests that achieving desired behaviour(s) within an audience requires consideration of the added value at the downstream level, strategies that recognise offsite/onsite behaviour settings, engagement of upstream advocacy and more attention to the evaluation of success. Research limitations/implications – A single low-involvement behaviour example is used to validate the conceptual framework suggesting further work is needed to widen tests of its applicability. Originality/value – This paper synthesises theory into a framework that has significant potential as a tool to develop behavioural change strategies at events.
Manuscript: Re-submission 'Oh! What a Tangled Web We Weave': Englishness, communicative leisure, identity work and the cultural web of the English folk morris dance scene AbstractIn this paper, we consider the relationship between Englishness and the English folk morris dance scene, considering how the latter draws from and reinforces the former.Englishness is considered within the context of the cultural web; a tool more often applied to business management but linked to a sociological viewpoint here. By doing so, we draw the connections between this structured business model and the cultural identity of Englishness. Then, we use the framework of the cultural web and theories of leisure, culture and identity to understand how morris dancers see their role as dancers and 'communicative leisure' agents in consciously defending Englishness, English traditions and inventions, the practices and traditions of folk and morris, and the various symbolic communities they inhabit. We argue that most morris dancers in our research become and maintain their leisured identities as dancers because they are attracted to the idea of tradition -even if that tradition is invented and open to change.Key words: communicative leisure, culture, Englishness, morris.2 'Oh! What a Tangled Web We Weave': Englishness, communicative leisure, identity work and the cultural web of the English folk morris dance scene IntroductionAs iconic symbols of national culture, opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games and other global events are important to host nations and their populations: they re-construct national stereotypes, confirm narratives of belonging and (re)produce symbols and myths that the event organizers wish to associate with the host nation (Lenskyj, 2000). In these ceremonies, host nations typically identify folk cultures, folk dances and music associated with their countries, utilizing the ceremonies to demonstrate the things they want outsiders to associate with them:narrow ethnic nationalism, communist pride and ingenuity, imperialist bluster or contrived folksiness (Spracklen, 2013a). Such ceremonies, then, become spaces of imagined and imaginary community, shaped by normative discourses but co-opting new notions of belonging and identity. In the summer of 2012, the version of England celebrated in the opening ceremony of the London Olympics presented an England subsumed in a Great Britain of multiculturalism and culturally cool icons, comfortable with its Queen and its English fields, but also proud of its industry and its National Health Service. In trying to make England a part of a postmodern Great Britain, aUnited Kingdom in a globalized society, the opening ceremony missed the opportunity to highlight English folk traditions.One such folk tradition was morris dancing. Morris is a form of folk dance performed in group formations accompanied by traditional English folk tunes played live by musicians 1 . The dances have steps fixed by the rules of the official books of steps written by members of the Morris Ring ...
PurposeWhilst other researchers have emphasized the use of online discussions in support of either class based or distance learning, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how this technique works as an alternative form of assessment for large student groups mainly learning in class.Design/methodology/approachA review of the literature in related areas of assessment led the team to develop the use of asynchronous online discussions and the primary research involves a trial of this method. The trial included monitoring participation, engagement and results and a comparison of these with previous, more traditional, assessments. Staff and student opinions were also sought through interviews and focus groups.FindingsThe results reveal similar findings to other researchers in this area. Specifically, the findings show some behaviour similar to that found in other assessments (lack of engagement by some, enthusiasm of others, for example), difficulties for some students to engage in critical discussion, either because of a lack of skills in this area or a mind set firmly in traditional assessment such as written exams. The results also highlighted the need to provide a framework such as that described by Lewinson as an instructional model and to incorporate the evaluation rubric of Christopher et al.Research limitations/implicationsThe first trial year evaluated here has gone some way to solving the issues inherent in large cohort assessment but it is recognized that the effectiveness from both the tutors' and the students' point of view will need to be continually evaluated and improvements made as a result of this.Practical implicationsDespite the difficulties, the trial of this method has highlighted several advantages from both student and instructor perspective. The conclusion of this pilot study is that asynchronous online discussions for learning and assessment appear to be suitable for campus‐based large cohorts as they provide a depth of interaction and discussion that would not be manageable in the classroom.Originality/valueThis case study has shown that asynchronous discussions in an online environment can be used effectively in the teaching, learning and assessment of large cohorts of campus‐based students. However, in order to be effective, they need to be structured and monitored, include the creation of a “learning community” through group sign‐up, encourage user autonomy and improved writing skills as well as allow for some self‐regulation.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the social marketing-based approach to live performance adopted by Jack Johnson and its potential as the basis of a developmental model for sustainable touring. Design/methodology/approach – Musician Jack Johnson has been recognised as a leader in his approach to sustainable touring. The research approach uses stakeholder interviews to examine his “Sleep Through the Static” tour from a phenomenological perspective. Findings – The activities adopted during the global tour provide “upstream” contributions to social change agendas as well as “downstream” contributions to change behaviour. “Downstream” contribution leans towards closed behaviour settings for the corporate community and open behaviour settings for the social community. Limitations are the extent of resources required; better understanding of audience targets and their perceived value of behaviour change. Research limitations/implications – The use of a single example means that consideration of the success of this model is limited to one approach when others might offer other options. However, the phenomenological approach is sufficient to begin to understand the value creation process at work here. Practical implications – A range of performers in different cultural areas might consider the potential of this approach as a means to contribute to sustainable touring goals. Originality/value – Much of the literature available for event managers focuses on environmental concerns to the neglect of other dimensions of sustainability. This work highlights how the social marketing of sustainable development offers a wider scope to touring performers.
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