Numerous management errors were identified in this study of anesthesia residents from 10 institutions. Further attention to these problems may benefit residency training since advanced residents continued to make these errors. Evaluation of anesthesia residents using mannequin-based simulators shows promise, adding a new dimension to current assessment methods. Further improvements are necessary in the simulation scenarios and grading criteria before mannequin-based simulation is used for accreditation purposes.

P Pu ur rp po os se e: : To compare the cardiovascular and sympathetic effects of a new ultra-short-acting, highly cardioselective ß-blocker, landiolol, with esmolol, using an in vivo rabbit model. ) were given intravenously, and the effects on heart rate (HR) mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were compared.R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Both landiolol and esmolol produced a dose-dependent decrease in HR. The maximum percent reductions of HR were similar with landiolol 3 mg·kg 1 and esmolol 5 mg·kg 1 (-14.0 ± 0.9% and -13.9 ± 1.4%, mean ± SE, respectively). HR decreased more rapidly with landiolol than with esmolol. Esmolol produced a dose-dependent decrease in MAP that was not observed with landiolol. The percent maximum reduction of MAP was -38.2 ± 3.2% with esmolol 5 mg·kg 1 . RSNA increased in a dose-dependent fashion with esmolol, but no changes were noted with landiolol.C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : These results suggest that, in rabbits, landiolol has slightly more potent negative chronotropic action than esmolol with significantly less effects on blood pressure.

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