The Charter recognizes ,that social progress and higher standards of life grow from larger freedom. Man does not live by bread alone. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, one of the greatest achievements of the third session of this Assembly, constitutes a long stride forward in our efforts to free men from tyranny or arbitrary constraint. The United States attaches great importance to this work of the United Nations. "This year we are confronted with a concrete issue in this field, the question of observance of human rights in Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. The treaties of peace with these countries set forth the procedures for the settlement of disputes arising under these treaties. Within the last few weeks Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania have refused to follow these procedures. "This issue involves more than the violation of terms in a treaty. It affects the rights and freedoms of all the people who live in these three states." Address by Secretary Acheson to the United Nations General Assembly on September 2r, x949.$ The five Peace Treaties, signed on February io, 1947, with their declarations of principle and concrete provisions for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms not only are the production of a long evolution but also are an integral part of a world wide aspiration for the protection of human rights. This program has received its most sweeping and inspiring formulation in the obligations assumed by member states in the United Nations Charter. * The following abbreviations are used in the footnotes: (I) DEP'T STATE BuLL.BuLL.
Negotiation, the essential activity of diplomats, is an important phase in the process of shaping and executing foreign policy.* “Il faut négocier, négocier et toujours négocier,” suggested Talleyrand. Sir Harold Nicolson has even expressed the wish that the word “negotiation” be substituted for the word “diplomacy” because of the disagreeable flavor of the latter to many people. Success or failure of foreign policy is greatly influenced by the skill of negotiators, whose behavior can be more important for the course of history than is generally recognized. The skill of a negotiator, however, is determined not only by personal ability, but, more importantly, by the total political context, domestic and foreign, within which he operates.
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The recent historical process in Eastern Europe has been the reverse of the evolution in colonial matters. In other parts of the world, former colonies reached a degree of complete independence. In East Europe, formerly independent states acquired the peculiar status of semi-dependent colonies. Nazi Germany applied colonial methods in her dealings with European states and invented various categories of protectorates and semi-dependencies. One of the new categories was that of the countries known as satellite states. This meant that some countries, remaining theoretically sovereign members of the family of nations, lost their independence and particularly their freedom of action in international and domestic affairs. The satellite states were never considered by Germany as equal partners but only as more or less reliable “Hilfs-völker.” Equality and cooperation in international relations was in conceivable to the Nazi mind.
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