In December 2005, the American Heart Association published new guidelines for cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in humans for the 1st time in 5 years. Many of the recommendations are based on research conducted in animal species and may be applicable to small animal veterinary patients. One important change that may impact how CPCR is performed in veterinary medicine is the recommendation to avoid administration of excessive ventilatory rates because this maneuver severely decreases myocardial and cerebral perfusion, decreasing the chance of survival. The new guidelines also emphasize the importance of providing well-executed, continuous, uninterrupted chest compressions. Interruption of chest compressions should be avoided and, if necessary, should be minimized to o10 seconds. During defibrillation, immediate resumption of chest compressions for 2 minutes after a single shock, before reassessment of the rhythm by ECG, is recommended. This recommendation replaces previous recommendations for the delivery of 3 defibrillatory shocks in rapid succession. Allowing permissive hypothermia postresuscitation has been found to be beneficial and may increase success rate. Medications utilized in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including amiodarone, atropine, epinephrine, lidocaine, and vasopressin, along with the indications, effects, routes of administration, and dosages, are discussed. The application of the new guidelines to veterinary medicine as well as a review of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in small animals is provided.
Purpose: This study aimed to explore the determinants of adherence and assess changes in fitness and health outcomes in participants of group-based beginner running programs. Methods: Participants completed adherence diaries (n = 34) during the 10-week program and underwent fitness and health testing (n = 20) at the program start and end. Diaries included weekly visual analogue scales of enjoyment, motivation, confidence, fatigue, satisfaction and support along with a record of training sessions. Space was provided for free-text comments.Fitness was assessed by the multi-stage 20-metre shuttle run test, and measurements were taken of resting heart rate, blood pressure, body composition and free-living physical activity. Results:Overall adherence to the 10-week program was 53 ± 27% with injury the most common reason for missing sessions and for discontinuing training. Adherence to group sessions was positively correlated with enjoyment, motivation, confidence, satisfaction with progress and social support. Qualitative analysis of diary entries indicated three distinct themes (self-awareness, social support, personal challenge) underlying progression through the programme. Significant changes were observed after 10 weeks in distance run on the fitness test (+189 ± 133 m), body mass index (-0.54 ± 0.72 kg/m 2 ) and percentage body fat (-1.5 ± 1.6%). Blood pressure, resting heart rate and physical activity were unchanged. Conclusion:Engagement in beginner running programs was associated with improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition within 10 weeks. A larger and longer-term study is required to determine if these programs can lead to sustained engagement in running and additional health benefits.Running represents an accessible low-cost form of exercise that leads to a range of healthrelated benefits. These include increased cardiometabolic fitness, decreased adiposity (Oja et al., 2015), lower disability rates (Chakravarty, Hubert, Lingala, Fries, 2008), improved mental
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