The relationship between executive function and comorbid diagnoses in ADHD children is examined. One hundred six children between 7 and 15 years of age are assessed using the Tower of London (TOL), a test of executive function, and the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime Version, a diagnostic interview. All children met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. A majority of the children had comorbid anxiety disorders, mood disorders, or oppositional defiant disorder. Measures on the TOL are total move score, total initiation time, and total rule violations. Age is predictive in all three measures of executive function as assessed by the TOL. Gender is predictive of total initiation time and total rule violations. Comorbid disorders are found to not have significance on executive function as measured by the TOL. This study concludes that comorbid disorders may not affect executive function.

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2008) not only provides eight chapters of information but is also a workbook for children aged 9-13 years.The authors state in the very beginning of the book, ''We are not scientists, and this is not a scientific book'' (p. 1). The authors also helpfully point out that when they refer to ''ADHD,'' it includes all three subtypes: inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and combined. The authors state that they do not have scientific evidence for the effectiveness of the activities in the book, but they do provide information on the current research on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).The book contains eight chapters, ''When Medication Isn't the Answer or Isn't Enough,'' ''The Challenging Child,'' ''Your Child's Amazing Brain: Boiled-Down Neurology for Nonscientists . . . by Nonscientists,'' ''Gabriel, Patrick, Denny, Tad, and Jeremy: A Few of Our Kids,'' ''About Learning Styles,'' ''Survival Skills 101 for Parents, Teachers, and Counselors,'' ''Reaching the Challenging Child-and Avoiding the Traps,'' and ''Getting Started.''In chapter 2, ''The Challenging Child,'' the authors present both sides of the ADHD debate-clinicians who believe that the disorder is due to social and/or environmental factors and clinicians who have conducted research on the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD. In chapter 4, ''Gabriel, Patrick, Denny, Tad, and Jeremy,'' the authors provide vignettes of five children: their presenting issues, interventions, and what the authors learned from each child. In chapter 6, ''Survival Skills 101 for Parents, Teachers, and Counselors,'' there is a section on ''The Dos and Don'ts of Coping.'' This section contains valuable tips for caregivers such as limiting the use of caffeine and alcohol, continuing learning for enrichment, and scheduling breaks so the caregiver can rejuvenate.There are also three appendices. The first appendix contains a ''Survey of the Seven Strengths,'' which consists of 56 items about learning style. These items are scored from 1 (never) to 3 (always). The results are added and then plotted onto a graph. The scores and graph help determine the child's preferred learning style: logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, music-rhythmic, visual-spatial, interpersonal, and verbal-linguistic.The second appendix contains activities for children and a ''helper.'' The activities are divided into the seven categories of learning styles. Each learning style category consists of six activities. Activities are then described as being a ''thinking'' activity, a ''feeling'' activity, or a ''doing'' activity. Examples

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which couples counselors should be familiar. In addition, the section on case conceptualization (pp. 278-285) presents a clear overview of this important-yet often underappreciated-clinical skill. Finally, the authors include valuable information on such topics as working with unmotivated partners, addressing secrets in couples counseling, and the importance of counselors advocating for Medicare reimbursement for licensed marriage and family therapists and professional counselors. Overall, many counselor educators will find this book to be an appropriate text for an introductory course on couples counseling, and many practicing counselors will find it to be a useful compendium of information about clinical practice with couples.

and a family context, and the health care provider must learn of these contexts. Cultural and social backgrounds provide the framework for family members' beliefs and practices about health care. Attention is paid to how to do an ethnographic interview and assess refugees and the importance of knowing what resources, such as sponsoring agencies, may have available services. Although the book does not attempt to be a comprehensive multicultural resource, health care providers are advised to educate themselves with regard to family functioning, gender roles, culture, blended and intergenerational families, and multiracial and ethnic families.The health care provider must be alert to any signs or symptoms of abuse in the family (child, spousal, elderly) and make appropriate reports and follow-up. This is vital because family stress has been linked to abuse. Health care providers can interview spouses separately to ascertain any possibility of domestic violence or threats of abuse. Protective and legal resources are able to provide support to the health care provider and need to be utilized.Families make meaning of illness and have their own ways of interpreting health care crises, so the health care provider must assess the needs, not based solely on the disease but also on how each family deals with the situation at hand and what adaptive and coping strategies are being implemented. Attention is paid to assessing how the family is doing, that is, how are they adapting, adjusting, and utilizing resources. How are family members dealing with changing roles? How are they working with health care professionals? How are they emotionally responding to illness? In the chapter addressing dementia in a family, there is commonsense advice about when to help and with which resources.Also mentioned in the book is the impact of illness on the caregiver, assessing how family members deal with terminal illness and the recognition that death brings about a rebalancing of the family. Guidance is directed to the intervention of counseling and spiritual support of the health care provider and the family at this time.There is a helpful list of resources at the conclusion of this book for readers who are interested in additional information and in accessing resources in such areas as adoptive families, alcoholism, and family-oriented primary care. This book is intended to make clear to health care providers the importance of observing and attending to family issues when dealing with health and wellness issues of a family member and to alert them to the range of areas that they are able to respond to if sensitive and knowledgeable about basic family functioning.

As a treatment intervention, Grosskopf illustrates that an appreciation of their emotional experience can illuminate the thoughts, aspirations, motivations, and feelings of parents toward their children. He tells of healing intergenerational wounds within the individual, and he also charts the course of marital conflict. He devotes considerable space to partnership and marriage experiences and how the effect of the past on individuals can intrude on relationships. Over 15 chapters, he includes events such as divorce, the death of a parent, the death of a child, and suicide and its consequences on succeeding generations as well as the influence of cultural, social, and political forces.Grosskopf integrates psychobiological research on brain and hormone functioning in reaction to trauma and stress.With compelling examples, he educates the reader about the biological and physiological processes that underlie emotional responses and patterns. It is annoying that the author chooses to use the masculine pronouns as the universal indicator of either sex. Even alternating between he and she would have conveyed a better attitude. As written, it reads as outdated and sexist, although that clearly was not the author's intent. By omitting the feminine pronoun he does a disservice to all the women he thanks in his acknowledgement section.In environments where individuals must interact with huge institutional bureaucracies to get an education, receive health care, open a bank account, there is often a mandate for fast express services. To be involved in the art and practice of healing, however, we must allow ourselves to look around, and after reading this book, that will also include a look back. To understand another's experiences is to allow appropriate compassion, empathy, and forgiveness to untie the knot of blame. This approach applied intergenerationally provides the depth and complexity missing from a one-dimensional view and as presented in this book, can be richly appreciated by a wide audience.