Findings support the mediation component of the learned hopelessness theory in youth with epilepsy, suggesting the importance of interventions that assist youth in identifying epilepsy-related aspects of functioning over which they can realistically exercise control and challenging negative thoughts about situations they cannot control.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to update and expand a 1988 North Carolina evaluation of prenatal WIC participation, while addressing some potential methodological issues in the earlier study.
Methods:Medicaid and WIC data files were linked to 1997 North Carolina live birth records. Among Medicaid births, birth weight and Medicaid newborn costs were compared between WIC participants and WIC non-participants. Adjustments were made to account for potential biases due to preterm delivery and late entry into the WIC program.Results: WIC non-participants were significantly more likely than WIC participants to have low-weight births and, on average, their newborn Medicaid costs were higher. These general results persisted after adjustments for the potential biases due to preterm delivery and late entry into WIC. After adjustments, we estimate that, overall, at least one dollar was saved in Medicaid newborn costs for every dollar spent for prenatal WIC services. Cost savings were higher for births to minority women compared to white women.
Conclusions:The positive findings for prenatal WIC participation from the 1988 study are generally confirmed in the present study. Improved health of babies is a valuable benefit resulting from the prenatal WIC program.
Abstract. The influence of soilborne symbionts such as rhizobia or mycorrhizal fungi on plant response to ozone (O3) has not been well defined. Leguminous plants in the field are infected by both types of organisms, which influence plant nutrition and growth. We studied the effects of infection with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii and/or Gigaspora margarita on response of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv Mt. Barker) to O3. Exposures were conducted in greenhouse CSTR chambers using four O3 concentrations [charcoal-filtered (CF), 50, 100, or 150 ppb; 6 h day 1 , 5 day wk 1 for 12 weeks] as main plots (replicated). Four inoculum types were subplot treatments, i.e., inoculated with one, both, or neither microorganisms. At 2-wk intervals, plants were exposed to 14 CO2 and harvested 24 h later for determination of biomass and 14 C content of shoots and roots. Ozone at 100 or 150 ppb suppressed clover growth during the experiment. Inoculation with G. margarita alone suppressed clover growth by the last two harvests, whereas R. leguminosarum alone enhanced growth during this time period. When both symbionts were present, the plants grew similarly to the noninoculated controls. Shoot/root ratios were increased by 100 or 150 ppb O3 compared to that for CF-treated plants. Shoot/root ratios were greater for all inoculated plants compared to noninoculated controls. Under low O3 stress (CF or 50 ppb), plants inoculated with both R. leguminosarum and G. margarita transported a greater proportion of recent photosynthate ( 14 C) to roots than did noninoculated plants; we attribute this to metabolic requirements of the microorganisms. At the highest level of O3 stress (150 ppb), this did not occur, probably because little photosynthate was available and the shoots retained most of it for repair of injury. Statistically significant interactions occurred between O3 and inoculum types for shoot and total biomass. When averaged across harvests, 50 ppb O3 suppressed biomass in the plants inoculated with G. margarita alone. Apparently, the mycorrhizal fungus is such a significant C drain that even a small amount of O3 stress suppresses plant growth under these conditions.
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